Table 6.
Ophthalmic features found in the current study compared with the findings worldwide
| Ocular feature | Current study Colombia 2022 n = 67 |
South America
Da Cunha & De Castro Moreira [5] Brazil 1996 n = 152 |
Africa
Adio & Wajuihian [4] Nigeria 2012 n = 42 |
Western Asia
Ugurlu & Altinkurt [12] Turkey 2020 n = 44 |
Eastern Asia
Kim et al. [3] Korea 2002 n = 123 |
Europe
Fimiani et al. [13] Italy 2007 n = 157 |
North America
Tsiaras et al. [14] USA 1999 n = 68 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean range |
12.4 years [8–16 years] |
[2 months to 18 years] |
11.43 years [6 months to 28 years] |
13.10 years [7 to 18 years] |
6.5 years [6 months to 9 years] |
5.28 years [0–18 years] |
10.6 years [5–19 years] |
| Refractive errors classifications | Refractive error at subject-level classified by the multicomponent definitions [10] |
Hyperopia (SE over 0.50 D) Myopia (SE under -0.50 D) Astigmatism (> 0.50 D cyl) |
Hyperopia (≥ + 1.00 D) Myopia (≤ − 0.50 D) Astigmatism (≤ − 0.75 cyl) |
Hyperopia (over 0.50 D) Myopia (under 0.50 D) Astigmatism (over 1 D cyl) |
Emmetropia (0.75 D and + 0.75 D SE). Myopia (< 0.75 D SE), hyperopia (> + 0.75 D SE), and Astigmatism pure (> 0.75 D cyl) |
Emmetropia (− 0.75 D and + 0.75 D SE) Myopia (less than − 0.75 D) Hyperopia (more than + 0.75 D) Astigmatism (more than 0.75 D of cyl) Anisometropia (difference between the two eyes of more than 1 D) |
High myopia (more than -5D) High hyperopia (more than 4D) Astigmatism (more than 1.75 D of cyl) |
| n children (%) | |||||||
| Emmetropia | 1 (1.5) | 3 (1) | 10 (23.8) | - | 57 (46.3) | - | - |
| Myopia | 20 (29.9) | 19 (13) | 16 (38.1) | 13 (29.5) | 31 (25.2) | 14 (9) | 16 (23.5) |
| Hyperopia | 28 (41.8) | 39 (26) | 4 (9.5) | 31 (70.5) | 35 (28.5) | 93 (59) |
High hyperopia 3 (4.4) |
| Mixed astigmatism | 8 (11.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Astigmatism | 65 (97) | 91 (60) | 12 (28.6) | 31 (70.5) | 38 (30.9) | 44 (28) | 6 (9) |
| Anisometropia | 10 (14.9) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (1.5) |
| Slanting fissure | 50 (89.6) | 125 (82) | - | - | 78 (63) | - | - |
| Amblyopia | 36 (54.5) | 29 (19) |
Presumptive amblyopia (34.4%) |
16 (36.4) | - | 4 (3) | 15 (22%) |
| Lens opacities | 26 (39.4) | 20 (13) | - | 14 (31.8) | 4 (3) | 18 (11) | 1 (1.5) |
| Epicanthus | 46 (68.7) | 92 (61) | - | - | 75 (61) | 132 (84) | - |
| Nystagmus | 19 (28.4) | 29 (18) | 2 (4.8) | 1 (2.3) | 27 (22) | 9 (6) | 12 (18) |
| Suspected keratoconus | 36 (53.7) | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| Strabismus | 14 (21.5) | 57 (38) | 4 (9.5) | 10 (22.7) | 31 (25) | 56 (36) | 23 (33.8) |
| Nasolacrimal duct obstruction or Dacryostenosis | 13 (19.4) | 46 (30) | 1 (2.38) | - | 21 (17) | 35 (22) | - |
| Epiphora | 13 (19.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ptosis | 12 (17.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Blepharitis | 11 (16.4) | 45 (30) | 1 (2.38) | 12 (27.3) |
Blepharoconjunctivitis 20 (16) |
Blepharoconjunctivitis 6 (4) |
- |
| Hirschberg off center | 8 (11.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brushfield’s nodules | 8 (11.9) | 79 (52) | - | 12 (27.3) | 0 (0) | - | - |
| Myopic choroidosis | 7 (10.4) | - | - | - | - | 5 (3) | - |
| Dacryocystitis | 7 (10.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Peripapillary pigmentary alteration | 3 (4.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Confirmed Keratoconus | 3 (4.4) | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | 1 (1.5) |
| Conjunctival hyperemia | 2 (2.9) | - |
Conjunctivitis 8 (19.05) |
- | - | - | - |
| Subtemporal peripapillary atrophy | 2 (2.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Persistence of myelin fibers | 2 (2.9) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Exophthalmos | 1 (1.4) | - | 1 (2.38) | - | - | - | - |
| Epiblepharon | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | 66 (54)a | - | - |
| Pterygium | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Heterochromia | 1 (1.4) | - | 1 (2.38) | - | - | - | - |
| Subpapillary RPE atrophy | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - |
Focal RPE hyperplasia 2 (2) |
- | - |
| Engorged and tortuous retinal vessels | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.6) | - |
| Hypopigmented macula with myopic growth in the optic nerve | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Retinal Vascular arcades with slight tortuosity | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Enlarged Optic Nerve | 1 (1.4) | - | - | - | - |
Tilted disc 1 (0.6) |
- |
D Diopter, SE Spherical Equivalent
a Epiblepharon caused by pushing epicanthal fold