Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| No. | Country/Year | Study design/ Sample size | Population | Pesticide name (Type) | Exposure assessment | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk > 1 | |||||||
| 1 | USA/2011 | Cohort/53662 | Pesticide applicators with thyroid cancer | Atrazine (OCP)a | Questionnaire/ Lifetime days | According to the exposed cases, there was a significant risk in the Q2b (RRc=4.55, 1.27-16.24) and Q4d (RR=4.84, 1.31-17.93) of intensity-weighted lifetime days. | [20] |
| 2 | China/2019 |
Case/186 Control/186 |
Patients with thyroid cancer | pentachlorobenzene, α-HCHe, HCBf, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, oxy-chlordane, cis-heptachlor epoxide, trans-heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane,o,p′-DDEg, cis-chlordane, endosulfan I, trans-nonachlor, dieldrin, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDDh, endrin, endosulfan II, cis-nonachlor,p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDTi, p,p′-DDT, Mirex (OCP) | Structured interview and serum sampling | Exposure to OCPs was significantly and positively associated with thyroid cancer in Chinese adults (ORj=1.97, 1.07−3.63). | [1] |
| 3 | Norway/2018 |
Case/108 Control/216 |
Patients with thyroid cancer | DDT metabolites (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT), Chlordane metabolite (trans-Nonachlor) (OCP) | Blood sampling | Chlordane metabolites (OR=1.78, 1.09–2.93) were positively associated with thyroid cancer. | [22] |
| 4 | USA/2015 | Cohort/29325 | Women pesticide applicators | Malathion (OP)k | Questionnaire | There was association between Malathion and increased risk of thyroid cancer (RRl=2.04, 1.14 -3.63). | [17] |
| 5 | USA/2021 | Cohort/53096 | Male pesticide applicators | Lindane and Atrazine (OCP), Carbaryl (Carbamate) | Telephone interview | Increased risk of thyroid cancer was associated with use of lindane (HRm = 1.74, 1.06–2.84). | [2] |
| Risk < 1 | |||||||
| 6 | USA/2021 |
Case/250 Control/250 |
Incident female papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cases | OCPs: HCB, β-HCH, Oxychlordane, trans-Nonachlor, p,p’-DDE, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDT, Mirex | structured interview and serum sampling | OCPs were not positively associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). | [3] |
| 7 | Norway/2018 |
Case/108 Control/216 |
Patients with thyroid cancer | OCPs: DDT metabolites (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT), Chlordane metabolite (trans-Nonachlor) | Blood sampling | Increasing concentration of DDT metabolites (OR=0.80, 0.66–0.98) was inversely related to the thyroid cancer. | [22] |
| 8 | Norway/2005 | Cohort/523121 | Patients with thyroid cancer | Mancozeb (Carbamate) | Agricultural censuses | Exposure was not associated with thyroid cancer (RR=0.87, 0.69-1.19). | [21] |
| 9 | USA/2021 | Cohort/53096 | Male pesticide applicators | Lindane and Atrazine (OCP), Carbaryl (Carbamate) | Telephone interview | Increased risk of thyroid cancer had an inverse association with carbaryl (HR = 0.20, 0.08–0.53). | [2] |
Note:aOCP Organochlorine Pesticide, bQ2 Second quartile, cRR Risk Ratio, dQ4 Fourth quartile, eHCH Hexachlorocyclohexane, fHCB Hexachlorobenzene, gDDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hDDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, iDDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, jOR Odds Ratio, kOP Organophosphate, lRisk Ratio, mHR Hazard Ratio