TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants with hypertension in NHANES from 2003 to 2014
| <424 (N = 1655) | 424–627 (N = 1701) | 627–851 (N = 1715) | 851–1 189 (N = 1724) | ≥1189 (N = 1739) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.64 ± 14.56 | 61.07 ± 14.73 | 61.50 ± 14.64 | 59.67 ± 15.38 | 56.21 ± 15.90 | <.001 |
| Sex (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Male | 707 (42.72) | 731 (42.97) | 814 (47.46) | 876 (50.81) | 1058 (60.84) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 193 (11.66) | 177 (10.41) | 199 (11.60) | 227 (13.17) | 220 (12.65) | |
| Other Hispanic | 96 (5.80) | 91 (5.35) | 111 (6.47) | 126 (7.31) | 115 (6.61) | |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 700 (42.30) | 825 (48.50) | 909 (53.00) | 919 (53.31) | 1025 (58.94) | |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 565 (34.14) | 513 (30.16) | 404 (23.56) | 362 (21.00) | 304 (17.48) | |
| Others | 101 (6.10) | 95 (5.58) | 92 (5.36) | 90 (5.22) | 75 (4.31) | |
| Education (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Less than 9th grade | 288 (17.40) | 206 (12.11) | 192 (11.20) | 178 (10.32) | 153 (8.80) | |
| 9‐11th grade | 322 (19.46) | 265 (15.58) | 262 (15.28) | 264 (15.31) | 244 (14.03) | |
| High school graduate/ GED or equivalent | 421 (25.44) | 445 (26.16) | 430 (25.07) | 421 (24.42) | 432 (24.84) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 411 (24.83) | 487 (28.63) | 504 (29.39) | 509 (29.52) | 533 (30.65) | |
| College graduate or above | 210 (12.69) | 297 (17.46) | 324 (18.89) | 351 (20.36) | 377 (21.68) | |
| Family PIR (%) | <.001 | |||||
| ≤1 | 404 (24.41) | 330 (19.40) | 308 (17.96) | 288 (16.71) | 321 (18.46) | |
| >1 | 1251 (75.59) | 1371 (80.60) | 1407 (82.04) | 1436 (83.29) | 1418 (81.54) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.55 ± 6.37 | 30.14 ± 6.47 | 30.09 ± 6.76 | 30.14 ± 6.63 | 30.54 ± 6.68 | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.09 ± 22.04 | 134.19 ± 21.49 | 133.32 ± 20.45 | 132.69 ± 19.04 | 131.08 ± 19.30 | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 70.42 ± 15.75 | 70.14 ± 15.11 | 70.22 ± 15.20 | 71.03 ± 15.46 | 72.17 ± 14.96 | <.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.36 ± 0.10 | 2.37 ± 0.10 | 2.37 ± 0.10 | 2.37 ± 0.10 | 2.37 ± 0.10 | 0.256 |
| Serum vitamin D, nmol/L | 57.25 ± 28.09 | 61.96 ± 27.34 | 65.30 ± 27.32 | 65.19 ± 25.99 | 66.80 ± 25.61 | <.001 |
| Smoking status | .004 | |||||
| Never smoking | 768 (46.40) | 829 (48.74) | 847 (49.39) | 827 (47.97) | 860 (49.45) | |
| Ever smoking | 353 (21.33) | 297 (17.46) | 264 (15.39) | 314 (18.21) | 323 (18.57) | |
| Current smoking | 534 (32.27) | 575 (33.80) | 604 (35.22) | 583 (33.82) | 556 (31.97) | |
| Past‐year alcohol drinking | <.001 | |||||
| No | 664 (40.12) | 615 (36.16) | 623 (36.33) | 528 (30.63) | 453 (26.05) | |
| Yes | 991 (59.88) | 1086 (63.84) | 1092 (63.67) | 1196 (69.37) | 1286 (73.95) | |
| Diabetes (%) | 395 (23.87) | 398 (23.40) | 400 (23.32) | 399 (23.14) | 350 (20.13) | .065 |
| CVD comorbidities (%) | 437 (26.40) | 418 (24.57) | 415 (24.20) | 369 (21.40) | 331 (19.03) | <.001 |
| Cancer comorbidities (%) | 212 (12.81) | 283 (16.64) | 263 (15.34) | 258 (14.97) | 264 (15.18) | .040 |
| Lung comorbidities (%) | 183 (11.06) | 210 (12.35) | 188 (10.96) | 183 (10.61) | 195 (11.21) | .566 |