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. 2023 May 12;12(1):2204746. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2023.2204746

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 3. — Differentially abundant genera and species and outcomes. Cluster analyses. Horizontal bar charts show the abundance of key genera and species with significantly different abundance between patients with long- vs short PFS, Wilcoxon ranksum test, p < 0.05 (A). Only genera and species (Clr>-1) from the Bacteria and Archaea domains were included in the analyses. High abundance taxa (CLR≥0) and low abundance taxa (0 > CLR ≥ −1) are separately labeled. Heatmap displays Z-scores (blue=low, red=high) for every cell generated from individual CLR-transformed abundances from key species for all patients (B). Axis X shows patients (IDs) in the Discovery cohort, whereas indicator bars on top reflect their PFS (red/blue, short vs long), PD-L1 (green/red, high vs low) and front-line CHT-treatment (purple/pink, CHT-treated vs CHT-naive) as previously described (B). Axis Y shows key bacterial species clustered to representative groups (STable 7). There were two outlier patients (S2, S57), in the whole cohort and two outlier patients in cluster B (S50, S53), who cannot be clustered to any groups. Patient clusters are compared shown in stacked bar charts (C) according to their composition of long vs short PFS, PD-L1 high vs low and CHT-treated vs naive patients. Cluster a represents significantly more patients with long PFS (compared to cluster B, p = 0.003, C) with an increased abundance of beneficial α and γ bacteria, a decreased abundance of β and a decreased- or variable abundance of δ bacteria; cluster B is characterized by a decreased abundance of α and γ, an increased abundance of δ and an increased or variable abundance of β bacteria. Cluster A1a and A1b represent a PD-L1-low and high subcluster in cluster A, with no significant difference in patients according to PFS. Cluster A1b consists of significantly more CHT-naive patients than cluster B in general. Fisher’s exact test was used to calculate differences among all clusters and subclusters. Metric data are shown as mean and corresponding standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P<.001.