Table 2.
Bivariate Latent Change Score Model Unstandardized Coefficient (and Standard Errors) for Predictor Variables and Use Variable
| Estimates | Performance expectancy | Effort expectancy | Computer anxiety | Computer self-efficacy | Computer interest | Quality of life | Social support | Social isolation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||||||||
| x | ||||||||
| Initial level mean, μix | –0.053 (–0.186) |
–0.001 (–0.193) |
0.009 (–0.186) |
–0.013 (–0.186) |
–0.075 (–0.188) |
–0.33 (–0.189) |
–0.106 (–0.188) |
–0.299 (–0.187) |
| Slope mean, μsx | –0.34 (0.169)* |
–0.370 (–0.247) |
–0.435 (0.163)** |
0.172 (–0.157) |
0.133 (–0.116) |
–0.398 (–0.223) |
–0.188 (–0.159) |
–0.033 (–0.183) |
| Proportional change, βx | –0.778 (0.116)*** |
–0.973 (0.072)*** |
–0.804 (0.130)*** |
–0.873 (0.137)*** |
–0.608 (0.275)* |
–1.222 (0.135)*** |
–0.769 (0.245)** |
–1.078 (0.177)*** |
| y | ||||||||
| Initial level mean, μiy | 0.016 (–0.193) |
0.010 (–0.193) |
0.000 (–0.193) |
–0.001 (–0.193) |
0.004 (–0.193) |
0.006 (–0.193) |
0.002 (–0.193) |
0.005 (–0.193) |
| Slope mean, μsy | –0.158 (–0.142) |
–0.162 (–0.141) |
–0.161 (–0.14) |
–0.168 (–0.143) |
–0.166 (–0.144) |
–0.176 (–0.14) |
–0.172 (–0.141) |
–0.171 (–0.144) |
| Proportional change, βy | –0.534 (0.194)** |
–0.523 (0.198)** |
–0.515 (0.200)* |
–0.535 (0.19)** |
–0.549 (0.192)** |
–0.511 (0.199)* |
–0.517 (0.199)** |
–0.545 (0.191)** |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| x | ||||||||
| Initial level variance, σ2ix | 0.575 (0.123)*** |
0.575 (0.133)*** |
0.632 (0.120)*** |
0.614 (0.12)*** |
0.641 (0.122)*** |
0.697 (0.122)*** |
0.69 (0.120)*** |
0.655 (0.12)*** |
| Slope variance, σ2sx | 0.592 (0.147)*** |
1.400 (0.238)*** |
0.56 (0.161)*** |
0.505 (0.146)*** |
0.236 (-0.166) |
1.096 (0.279)*** |
0.527 (-0.294) |
0.721 (0.249)** |
| Covariance, ρix,sx | 0.312 (0.095)*** |
0.356 (0.12)** |
0.408 (0.107)*** |
0.335 (0.101)*** |
0.246 (-0.163) |
0.787 (0.151)*** |
0.51 (0.182)** |
0.589 (0.142)*** |
| Residual variance, σ2ux | 0.355 (0.045)*** |
0.413 (0.052)*** |
0.291 (0.037)*** |
0.307 (0.039)*** |
0.309 (0.039)*** |
0.260 (0.032)*** |
0.248 (0.031)*** |
0.268 (0.034)*** |
| y | ||||||||
| Initial level variance, σ2iy | 0.693 (0.128)*** |
0.694 (0.127)*** |
0.693 (0.127)*** |
0.692 (0.127)*** |
0.691 (0.128)*** |
0.696 (0.127)*** |
0.693 (0.127)*** |
0.694 (0.128)*** |
| Slope variance, σ2sy | 0.416 (0.195)* |
0.405 (0.194)* |
0.398 (0.193)* |
0.417 (0.19)* |
0.430 (0.197)* |
0.394 (0.191)* |
0.399 (0.192)* |
0.427 (0.195)* |
| Covariance, ρiy,sy | 0.357 (0.145)* |
0.349 (0.146)* |
0.343 (0.147)* |
0.356 (0.142)* |
0.366 (0.143)* |
0.339 (0.147)* |
0.344 (0.147)* |
0.362 (0.143)* |
| Residual variance, σ2uy | 0.313 (0.039)*** |
0.312 (0.039)*** |
0.312 (0.039)*** |
0.312 (0.039)*** |
0.313 (0.039)*** |
0.311 (0.039)*** |
0.312 (0.039)*** |
0.312 (0.039)*** |
| x and y | ||||||||
| Covariance, ρix,iy | –0.048 (–0.088) |
0.04 (–0.092) |
–0.069 (–0.087) |
–0.048 (–0.088) |
0.036 (–0.088) |
0.063/ (–0.088) |
–0.082/ (–0.088) |
–0.014 (–0.087) |
| Covariance, ρsx,sy | 0.210 (0.073)** |
0.305 (0.124)* |
–0.157 (0.077)* |
0.156 (0.07)* |
0.148 (0.064)* |
–0.056 (–0.073) |
0.011 (–0.051) |
0.021 (–0.062) |
| Covariance, ρix,sy | 0.017 (–0.062) |
0.028 (–0.064) |
–0.017 (–0.062) |
0.155 (0.064)* |
0.079 (–0.065) |
0.031 (–0.063) |
0.003 (–0.062) |
0.067 (–0.063) |
| Covariance, ρiy,sx | 0.143 (–0.077) |
0.398 (0.117)*** |
–0.251 (0.079)** |
0.173 (0.072)* |
0.135 (0.06)* |
–0.057 (–0.098) |
0.017 (–0.07) |
–0.051 (–0.082) |
Notes: Age, education, gender, race, and income were controlled in all models.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p <. 001.