TABLE 2.

Multivariable cox proportional hazard model of the mortality risk according to daily step counts.

Step Counts	n	Event	PY	Event/1000 PY		Model 1a		Model 2b
				Rate (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)
Quartile (mean)
Q1 (1786 steps)	1042	60	3447	17.4 (13.5–22.4)		1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
Q2 (3030 steps)	1040	30	3502	8.6 (6.0–12.3)		0.83 (0.53–1.30)		0.84 (0.53–1.32)
Q3 (4452 steps)	1042	15	3544	4.2 (2.6–7.0)		0.55 (0.31–0.99)		0.57 (0.31–1.03)
Q4 (7502 steps)	1041	8	3568	2.2 (1.1–4.5)		0.35 (0.16–0.76)		0.39 (0.18–0.85)
1000 step units
<1000	40	6	123	48.8 (21.9–108.6)		1.00 (Ref)		1.00 (Ref)
1000–1999	618	42	2022	20.8 (15.3–28.1)		0.75 (0.32–1.78)		0.80 (0.33–1.90)
2000–2999	895	32	2985	10.7 (7.6–15.2)		0.61 (0.25–1.47)		0.63 (0.26–1.54)
3000–3999	787	16	2629	6.1 (3.7–9.9)		0.47 (0.18–1.24)		0.51 (0.19–1.35)
4000–4999	625	7	2112	3.3 (1.6–7.0)		0.30 (0.10–0.91)		0.33 (0.11–1.01)
5000–5999	443	5	1518	3.3 (1.4–7.9)		0.29 (0.09–0.98)		0.31 (0.09–1.06)
≥6000	297	5	2672	1.9 (0.8–4.5)		0.20 (0.06–0.69)		0.23 (0.07–0.81)
P for trendc						0.001		0.003
1000 steps increment
Total	4165					0.79 (0.66–0.92)		0.81 (0.68–0.94)
<5000 steps	2943					0.74 (0.54–0.95)		0.77 (0.56–0.98)
≥5000 steps	1222					1.05 (0.72–1.38)		1.04 (0.68–1.40)

Q1 through Q4 include daily step counts of <2437, 2437–3653, 3654–5378, and ≥5379 steps, respectively, in total participants. The step counts are expressed as quartiles (mean values).

^aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex, population density, and season of wear.

^bModel 2: adjusted for model 1 and body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, family structure, educational attainment, economic status, denture use, medication use, number of chronic diseases, and frailty status.

^cLinear trend P values were calculated using the likelihood ratio test and a continuous variable of daily step counts.

PY, person-years; Q, quartile; Ref, reference.