Figure 2.

A dietary rheostat for macrophage inflammatory homeostasis and trained immunity. PA enters macrophage through the scavenger receptor, CD36; excess PA increases de novo ceramide; subsequent TLR4 stimulation by LPS enhances intracellular ceramide and activates NF-кB; PA metabolic byproducts induce histone modifications at Tnf/ll-6 promoters; fungal β-glucans signal through Dectin-1 and activate NF-кB; mTOR regulates JNK activation and NF-кB transcription; OA inhibits ceramide and reverses inflammatory polarization. Figure was created with biorender.com (https://www.biorender.com/). JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ; NF-кB, Nuclear factor kappa B; OA, oleic acid; PA, palmitic acid; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4.