Table 2.
Biological evaluation of Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry against several cancer cell lines
| N | Parts of the plant | Solvents | Concentration | Type of cancer | Major finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Leaves | - | 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL | Lung | When tested on A549 cells, the IC50 for the green produced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was 87.37 μg/mL. | [1] |
| 2 | Leaves | Aqueous | 100 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL | Skin | In human HepG2-C8 cells with antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase plasmids transfected stably, the aqueous extract at 100 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL induced the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-ARE pathway. Furthermore, the transformation of mouse epidermal JB6 P+ cells was blocked by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) efficiently, suggesting that the extract may have some therapeutic potential. | [35] |
| 3 | Fruits | - | 100 μL | Lung | There was a notable and concentration-dependent impact on the cell viability of the extracts that were tested. The IC50 value indicates that a concentration of 21.86 μg/mL is required to achieve 50% inhibition of proliferation. Ladder-shaped DNA fragments in a DNA fragmentation assay are a biological indicator of intrinsic apoptotic cell death. Morphological alterations in cells treated with the extract confirmed its ability to trigger apoptosis. | [36] |
| 4 | Fruit | Methanol | - | Colon | The human colon cancer cell line SW-480 was tested and found to be sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of three C-methylated chalcones (IC50 = 10, 35, and 35 μmol/L, respectively). The compounds 2’,4’-dihydroxy-3’,5’-dimethyl-6’-methoxychalcone (1), 2’,4’-dihydroxy-3’-methyl-6’-methoxychalcone (stercurensin, 2), and 2’,4’-dihydroxy-6’-methoxychalcone (cardamonin, 3) all belong to the family of chalcones. | [37] |
| 5 | Leaves | Methanol | 50, 5, and 0.5 μg/mL | Ovarian | The MCF-7 cell line was shown to be particularly sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of 20,40-dihydroxy-60-methoxy-30,50-dimethylchalcone (IC50 = 0.0015 nmol/L). Against the SKBR-3 cell line, it was cytotoxic with an IC50 of 0.0128 nmol/L. | [38] |
| 6 | Leaves | Ethanol | - | Liver, breast | Both the HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells examined responded favorably to the isolated compounds. With IC50 values between 1.73 μmol/L and 32.0 μmol/L for HepG2 cells and between 4 μmol/L and 37 μmol/L for MDA-MB-231 cells, all substances examined showed strong cytotoxic effects. | [39] |
| 7 | Leaves | 50% ethanol | 100 μL | - | For inhibiting inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), the IC50 for pure vescalagin was 2.67 μmol/L, and for castalagin it was 0.86 μmol/L. | [40] |
| 8 | Leaves | Ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether | - | Cervical | The IC50 value for the extract was 40.5 μg/mL when tested on the HeLa cell line. | [41] |
-: not applicable