Table 3.

Biological evaluation of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry against several cancer cell lines

N	Parts of the plant	Solvents	Concentration	Type of cancer	Major finding	Reference
1	Unopened flower bud	Aqueous	100 μL/mouse per day from the fifth week	Lung	In these BP-induced lung lesions, clove therapy significantly decreased the number of proliferative cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells.	[42]
2	Bud	Aqueous, ethanol, essential oil	-	Breast	Essential oil had a median lethal dose (LD50) of 37.36 μg/mL and 36.43 μg/mL in the 24-h brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively.	[2]
3	Bud	Aqueous, ethanol, essential oil	-	Cervical, breast, prostate, esophageal	Within 24 h, oil at 300 μL/mL induced 80% cell death in an esophageal cancer cell line through apoptotic cell death, while prostate cancer cells displayed negligible cell death.	[15]
4	Leaves, stem, bark	Methanol	-	Breast	The stem extract exhibits a strong and focused cytotoxic impact on MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 of 33 μg/mL.	[43]
5	Eugenol	-	0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ng/mL	Cervical	Apoptosis was detected by the IC50 at 81.85% cell viability.	[44]
6	Eugenol	-	1,200, 600, 300, 150, and 75 μg/mL	Breast, skin	The IC50s of chitosan nanoparticles containing Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SAEO) and eugenol against melanoma (A-375) cells were 73 μg/mL and 79 μg/mL, respectively; for breast (MDA-MB-468) cells, the values were 177 μg/mL and 51 μg/mL.	[45]
7	Flower buds	Chloroform	-	Lung	Compared to the control group, the extract fractions inhibited wound closure/cell migration in A549 and H1299 and caused apoptosis in H1299. Nuclei of fraction-treated cells showed signs of apoptosis, including chromatin compression, nuclear shrinkage, and the development of apoptotic bodies.	[46]
8	-	-	2, 3, and 4 mg/mL	Cervical	The extract was tested on HeLa cells and found to have an LD50 of 2 mg/mL after being exposed to the cells for 24 h. In comparison to untreated control cells, treated cells were rounded off with a distinctive death symptom.	[47]
9	Eugenol	-	0, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L	-	Exhibited cytotoxicity in the HeLa cell line at concentrations between 50 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L.	[48]
10	-	Ethanol	1.25, 12.5, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL	-	When cancer cells were treated with fluorescent magnetic submicronic polymer (FMSP)-nanoparticles alone, their viability dropped to 55.40%, and when crude clove extracts were additionally added to the treatment, viability dropped to 8.50%.	[49]
11	Bud	-	125, 62.5, 32, and 15 μg/mL	Colon	The IC50 value for Syzygium aromaticum bud essential oil nanoemulsion (SABE-NE) after 48 h was determined to be 74.8 μg/mL.	[50]
12	Bud	Ethanol	0–1,000 μg/mL	Breast	The IC50 values for the extract and nanoparticles were determined to be 20 μg/mL and 7 μg/mL, respectively, in an in vitro assay.	[51]
13	-	Essential oil	0, 30, 60, and 120 μg/mL	Cervical	By significantly decreasing HeLa cell viability at 24-h and 48-h at P-value < 0.0001, the essential oils demonstrated substantial antiproliferative activity. By 48 h, almost no cancer cells had survived at the maximal dose of 120 μg/mL, which not only inhibited proliferation but also drastically reduced the number of HeLa cells.	[52]
14	Buds	Aqueous	10–100 mg/mL	Lung, breast	Phyto-mediated AgNPs had an IC50 of 60 μg/mL against MCF-7 and 50 μg/mL against A549 cells. The extract having IC50 was also found to be 70 μg/mL against MCF-7 and 70 μg/mL against A549 cells.	[53]
15	Essential oil	-	1.25–20%	Breast, leukemia, cervical	When tested on Hela, MCF-7, and K-562 cell lines, 20% essential oil showed the highest percentage of inhibition, 32.8%, 53.5%, and 76.4%, respectively.	[54]
16	Buds	Methanol, aqueous	-	Breast, colon, liver	According to the data, the IC50 values were as follows: 31 μg/mL for colon cancer protection against breast cancer, 29.7 μg/mL and 18.7 μg/mL against liver cancer	[55]
17	Bud	70% ethanol	-	Ovarian	Substantial inhibitory effect against human ovarian cancer cells (A2780; IC50 value = 22.67 μmol/L).	[56]
18	Buds	Acetonic, dichloromethane, ethanolic, petroleum ether	-	Colon carcinoma	The ethanolic extract of clove was the most effective against the HCT cell line, with an IC50 of 2.53 μg/mL.	[26]
19	Essential oil	-	0.39, 0.781, 1.562, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL	Colon	At 3.25 mg/mL of SAEO, the maximum cell vitality was recorded, whereas increasing the concentration of the essential oil to 200 mg/mL resulted in relatively low cell viability.	[57]
20	Buds	Methanol	-	Cervix, breast, lung	When cell death is tested on HeLa cells, the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 88 ± 3.4 μg/mL, whereas on MCF-7 cells, it was 86 ± 2.8 μg/mL.	[58]
21	Leaves, buds, flower	50% ethanol	6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL	Breast	The IC50 values for cytotoxicity against Hela and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were 40 μg/mL and 48 μg/mL, whereas those for flower buds and young flower buds were 35 μg/mL and 39 μg/mL.	[59]
22	-	-	-	-	The relative IC50 value of the ethanolic clove extract was 6.8 μg/mL, making it the most potent antiproliferative agent tested.	[60]
23	-	-	-	Breast	The accumulation of nanoparticles in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle after treatment with extract coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) iron oxide nanoparticles and PVP iron oxide nanoparticles in MCF-7 cell lines confirmed the induction of apoptosis.	[61]
24	Flower buds	Ethanolic	-	Cervical	Cell viability was found to decrease after treatment with the extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting an antiproliferative action (P < 0.05).	[62]
25	Flower	Aqueous	50–1,000 ppm	-	LC50 values of 227.1 g/mL showed that the extract is toxic to larvae.	[63]

-: not applicable