Table 4.

Biological evaluation of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels against several cancer cell lines

N	Parts of the plant	Solvents	Concentration	Type of cancer	Major finding	Reference
1	Partially ripe fruit skin	Methanol	50 μL of 100% or 10% extract	Cervical	Inhibition of growth was seen at 14.4% (HeLa) and 11.8% (SiHa) at a concentration of 40%, and at 30.3% and 23.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 80% of the extract.	[64]
2	-	-	-	Colorectal	Extract was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cell lines. After treatment, there was also a notable shift in the intended gene expression ratio (Bax:Bcl-2).	[65]
3	Seeds	-	25 mg/kg body weight (b.wt). per day	Stomach	Groups significantly increased phase II detoxifying enzymes and inhibited lipid per oxidation in the stomach, leading to a decrease in tumor incidence, tumor burden, and cumulative number of gastric carcinomas.	[66]
4	Fruits	Chloroform	0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL	Ovary	More than 90% cell cytotoxicity was seen with quercetin and gallic acid at concentrations of 2.5 μg/mL and higher, but oleanolic acid was only modestly effective up to 5 μg/mL in a serial dilution.	[67]
5	Leaves	Ethyl acetate, methanol, aqueous	31.25, 62.25, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL	Cervical	The IC50 values for ethyl acetate (350 μg/mL), methanol (378 μg/mL), and aqueous (360 μg/mL), respectively, ranged from moderately toxic to non-toxic (no effect).	[3]
6	Leaves, pulp, and seeds	Ethanol	100 μL	Breast	Seeds, leaves, and pulps all had IC50 values of 613, 660, and 732 μg/mL, respectively.	[68]
7	Pulp, seeds	Ethanol	12.5–200 μg/mL	Lung	Hydrolysate pulp exhibited potent antiproliferative action with an IC50 value of 59 μg/mL ± 4 μg/mL. The hydrolyzed seed extract was the most effective on cell proliferation (IC50 = 38 μg/mL ± 3 μg/mL at P < 0.05).	[69]
8	-	Methanol	10, 20, and 40 μg/mL	Oral	The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line was cytotoxic after the treatment, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup was generated. This therapy also triggered apoptosis-related morphological alterations and the extirpation of phosphatidylserine in OSCC cells. Protein and gene expression of cadherin-1 were also boosted by the treatments.	[70]
9	Seeds	Ethanol	-	Ovary, lung	The IC50 value for the A2780 (ovarian cancer) cell line was 49 μg/mL, whereas that for the H460 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cell line was 165 μg/mL. The IC50 values for flavopiridol (positive control) ranged from 0.06 μg/mL to 0.08 μg/mL across all cell lines.	[71]
10	Seeds	Ethanol	125 mg/kg b.wt. per day for each animal	Skin	Compared to the carcinogen control group, the average latency duration was likewise significantly lengthened in the extract treatment group (pre-group—11.1 weeks; post group—10.9 weeks).	[72]
11	-	Hexane, chloroform, ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous	-	Leukemia	Based on the data, the ethanolic extract inhibits human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells at a lower concentration than the other extracts (LC50 = 81 μg/mL) but at a higher concentration than the pure compounds [b-sitosterol (LC50 = 55.0 g/mL), and kaempferol 7-O-methylether (LC50 = 48.0 μg/mL)], with 91.71% and 100% inhibition, respectively.	[73]
12	Bark	Methanolic	25, 50, and 75 mg/kg per day	Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)	Extract significantly inhibited EAC cell proliferation (71.08% ± 3.53%; P < 0.001), reduced tumor burden (69.50%; P < 0.01) and increased the life duration (73.13%; P < 0.001) of EAC-bearing mice at 75 mg/kg per day.	[74]
13	Leaves	Ethanol	-	Breast	T47D breast cancer cell line showed the highest cytotoxic activity, with 69% growth inhibition being the best result.	[75]
14	Seeds	Aqueous	250 mg/kg b.wt. per day	Skin	When compared to the carcinogen-treated control group, whose tumor incidence was determined to be 100%, the mice showed a considerable drop to 37.5%, 50%, and 25%, respectively.	[76]
15	Seeds	Methanol	10, 20, and 40 μg/mL	Hepatocellular carcinoma	The cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells was significantly increased by treatment with the extract, and this increase was concentration dependent.	[77]
16	Fruits	-	-	Breast	Significant reductions in tumor incidence (65%), tumor load (313 mm3), and tumor multiplicity (1.8 tumors/rat) compared to controls. This treatment also considerably delayed the initial tumor emergence by 21 days.	[78]
17	Unripe fruit pulp	Ethanol	-	Colorectal adenocarcinoma	When evaluated against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2), the methanolic extract of unripe fruit seeds demonstrated the highest anticancer activity at the highest concentration (1,000 μg/mL), with an IC50 value of 30.93.	[79]
18	Seeds	Methanol	-	-	50 mg/kg (i.p.) reduced 67.36% (P < 0.01) of cell proliferation in EAC cells on day six of incubation.	[80]
19	Fruits	Methanol, aqueous	-	Lung	The extract, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL.	[81]

-: not applicable; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein