Table 7.

Biological evaluation of some members of genus Syzygium against several cancer cell lines

N	Species name	Parts of the plant	Solvents	Concentration	Type of cancer	Major finding	Reference
1	Syzygium alternifolium (Wight) Walp.	Leaves	Hexane, methanol	10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL	Breast, prostate	The human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145 had IC50 values of 8.177 μg/mL and 2.687 μg/mL for leaf hexane extract, respectively.	[88]
2	Syzygium calophyllifolium (Wight) Walp.	Bark	Methanol	5, 10, and 20 μg	Breast	When compared to the control, MCF-7 cells cultured with SCBM extract for 24 h lost their original shape at increasing concentrations. Membrane damage, cell rounding, and cell separation from the culture plates were all telltale markers of cell death. At the smallest dose, however, these effects were not observed.	[89]
		Leaves	Ethyl acetate	1:1 to 1:64	Monolayer culture	As sample concentration increases, cell viability declines. When the extract was concentrated, further, 88.53% of the cell lines died.	[12]
3	Syzygium anisatum (Vickery) Craven & Biffin	-	-	0–2.0 mg/mL	Glandular, fibroblast, bladder, liver	Caused a 25%–50% death rate in HepG2 hepatocellular cancer cells. Colon cancer cells (HT-29; IC50 = 0.75–1.39 mg/mL), stomach cancer cells (AGS; IC50 = 0.59–1.88 mg/mL), bladder cancer cells (BL13; IC50 = 0.56–1.12 mg/mL), and liver cancer cells (HepG2; IC50 = 0.38–1.36 mg/mL) all had their proliferation inhibited by the extracts. Non-transformed colon cells (CCD-18Co; IC50 > 2.0 mg/mL) and stomach/intestine cells (Hs 738. St/Int; IC50 > 2.0 mg/mL) showed no discernible loss of viability.	[90]
4	Syzygium austral (J.C.Wendl. ex Link) B.Hyland	Fruit	Methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate	30 μL	Colon, cervical	Against CaCo2 and HeLa cells, the aqueous extracts showed the greatest activity, with IC50 values of 27 μg/mL and 172 μg/mL.	[91]
5	Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.	Leaves	Essential oil	6.25, 12.5, 50, and 100 μg/mL	Colorectal, ovary	The IC50 values for the essential oil were 59.9 μg/mL and 47.5 μg/mL for the HCT-116 and human ovarian teratocarcinoma cells (Pa-1) cell lines, respectively.	[13]
6	Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston	Leaves	Methanol	15 μg/mL (pure compound), 25 μg/mL	Liver	The research confirmed the extract acted on a cellular level positively affecting the apoptotic cell cycle pathway via Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression.	[92]
7	Syzygium paniculatum DC.	Fruits	Ethanol	100, 200, and 400 μg/mL	Pancreatic cancer cells (MiaPaCa-2)	Compared to the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine, the extract (200 μg/mL) dramatically decreased the vitality of MiaPaCa-2 and ASPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells.	[93]
8	Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry	Fruits	Methanol, aqueous	-	Lung, kidney	In the doses used, the extract’s effects on the two cell lines were not statistically significant.	[81]
9	Syzygium mundagam (Bourd.) Chithra	Bark	Methanol	-	Breast	Reduced ATP levels (47.96%) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (40.96%) in MCF-7 cells were indicative of solitary metachronous bone metastasis (SMBM)-induced toxicity.	[94]
10	Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.	Leaves	Methanol	-	-	Both 1:250 and 1:125 had the highest cell viability rates.	[95]
11	Syzygium coriaceum Bosser & J.Guého	Leaves	Aqueous methanol (80%, v/v)	-	-	And at 40 μg/mL, Syzygium coriaceum caused an 88.1% (P < 0.0001) decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, a 5.7% (P < 0.0001) increase in the number of the cell population in G0/G1, and an increased (P < 0.0001) proportion of cells experiencing apoptotic/necrotic cell death.	[96]
		Leaves	Aqueous methanol (80%, v/v)	10 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL	Lung carcinoma, liposarm hepatocellular carcinoma	Dose-dependent elevation of ROS was observed after extract treatment in HepG2 cells, with a 4.4-fold rise at 100 mg/mL (P < 0.0001). The dose-dependent reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity mirrored the increase in ROS concentration. At 40 μg/mL (P < 0.0001), glutathione peroxidase activity dropped by 80.5%.	[97]

-: not applicable