Table 4.
Data of the energy and nutrient intakes for the two groups expressed as mean ± SD and percentage, according to nutritional guidelines for moderate/high-intensity training (Triathlon Guide Line Tr GL*1,2,3) and recommended daily allowances for Italian population (It DRVs*4)
| Daily intake | IN (n = 14) | TR (n = 8) | Tr GL1,2,3 | It DRVs4 | ||
| Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | |||
| Energy intake_EI (MJ) | 10 | 3 | 13 | 4 | ||
| Energy intake_EI (kcal) | 2505 | 688 | 3160 | 888.6 | 2000–7000(1) | |
| Water (g/day)^ | 2264.3 | 565.2 | 3158.3 | 792.7 | 4000–5000(2) | 2500(AI) |
| Protein (g/day) | 103.4 | 27.2 | 131.8 | 31.9 | ni | 63(PRI) |
| Protein (g/kg bw/day) | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.2–2.0(1–2) | 0.9(PRI) |
| Fat (g/day) | 114.3 | 39.5 | 133.5 | 56 | ni | ni |
| SFA (g/day) | 33.9 | 12 | 38.5 | 19.3 | ni | ni |
| PUFA (g/day) | 15.3 | 5.7 | 22 | 9.3 | ni | ni |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 410.3 | 167.6 | 424.6 | 236.8 | ni | <300(SDT) |
| Available carbohydrates (g/day) | 234.7 | 76.7 | 372.9 | 175.5 | ni | ni |
| Available carbohydrates (g/kg bw/day) | 2.7 | 0.8 | 5.2 | 3 | 8(1)–12(2) | ni |
| Simple carbohydrate (g) | 59.7 | 19.1 | 103 | 50.5 | ni | ni |
| Dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal/d) | 7.4 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 3.9 | ni | 12.6–16.7(RI) |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 25.7 | 25.2 | 3.3 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 |
| % total energy from | IN (n = 14) | TR (n = 8) | Tr GL1,2,3 | It DRVs4 | ||
| Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | |||
| Proteins (% EI) | 16 | 4 | 17 | 4 | ni | 10–15(RI) |
| Lipid (%EI) | 41 | 14 | 38 | 16 | Up to 50(1) | ≤30(RI) |
| SFA (%EI) | 12 | 4 | 11 | 5 | ni | <10(SDT) |
| PUFA (%EI) | 5 | 2 | 6 | 3 | pDRVs° | 5–10(RI) |
| Available carbohydrates (%EI) | 35 | 11 | 44 | 21 | ni | 45–60(RI) |
| Simple carbohydrates (%EI) | 9 | 3 | 12 | 3 | ni | <15(SDT) |
| Minerals | IN (n = 13) | TR (n = 8) | Tr GL1,2,3 | It DRVs4 | ||
| Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | |||
| Potassium (mg/day) | 3484.6 | 1165.6 | 4107.9 | 995 | pDRVs° | 3900(AI) |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1558.5 | 420.2 | 2058.6 | 669.6 | pDRVs° | 700(PRI) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 749.9 | 323.7 | 1291.4 | 642.8 | pDRVs° | 1000(PRI) |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 421.7 | 290.6 | 560.9 | 227.6 | pDRVs° | 240(PRI) |
| Iron (mg/day) | 16.9 | 6.9 | 23 | 8.4 | Up to 70% of requirement | 10(PRI) |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 16.2 | 5.5 | 32 | 39.5 | pDRVs° | 12(PRI) |
| Vitamins | IN (n = 13) | TR (n = 8) | Tr GL1,2,3 | It DRVs4 | ||
| Mean | SD* | Mean | SD* | |||
| Thiamine (mg/day) | 1.3 | 0.4 | 4.8 | 6.8 | pDRVs° | 1.2(PRI) |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.8 | 0.7 | 5.1 | 6.9 | pDRVs° | 1.6(PRI) |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 26.6 | 7.8 | 40.4 | 17.2 | pDRVs° | 18(PRI) |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 118.1 | 91.8 | 125.9 | 83.5 | pDRVs° | 105(PRI) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 2.5 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 3.2 | pDRVs° | 1.3(PRI) |
| Vitamin A (REs μg/day)§ | 717.1 | 1696.8 | 410.2 | 240 | pDRVs° | 700(PRI) |
| β-Carotene (μg/day) | 2762.9 | 1923 | 4664.8 | 3665.3 | ni | ni |
| Vitamin K (μg /day) | 308.9 | 367.1 | 621.8 | 1022.6 | pDRVs° | 140(AI) |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 18.5 | 9.9 | 29.8 | 17 | pDRVs° | 13(AI) |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | 2.8 | 1.6 | 10.6 | 9.1 | pDRVs° | 15(AI) |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 12.4 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 12.5 | pDRVs° | 2.4(PRI) |
IN inactive control group, TR triathlon group, SD standard deviation, ni not indicated, bw body weight, AI adequate intake, AR average requirement, PRI population recommended intake, RI reference intake range for nutrients, SDT suggested dietary targets
^Water drunk and taken by food
°Dietary reference values for nutrient intake for the general population [42]
§Vitamin A expressed as retinol equivalents (REs): 1 retinol equivalent (RE) = 1 μg retinol = 6 μg β-carotene