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. 2023 May 15;13:7860. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34738-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) XRD patterns of synthesized magnetite nanoparticles with characteristic Miller indices (Fd-3 m space group; 00–019-0629 card number), (b) Halder-Wagner plots from (220), (311), (400), (422), (440) and (511) diffraction peaks (R² above 0.99 in all cases), (c) FTIR spectra of magnetite nanoparticles with marked identified vibrations related to the presence of the functionalized surface, (d) macroscopic images of the changes in the stability of colloidal dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles with high 10 mg/ml concentration in the time domain, i.e. from 0 to 120 h (from left: Fe₃O₄—URO NPs, Fe₃O₄—NH₄HCO₃ NPs and Fe₃O₄—PEG NPs).