Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Total (N = 141) | Men (n = 46) | Women (n = 95) | Effect size | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 71.6 ± 4.7 | 72.5 ± 5.2 | 71.1 ± 4.5 | 0.13 | 0.12a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 ± 2.7 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 23.1 ± 2.6 | 0.04 | 0.87b |
| TMI, kg/m2 | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 0.99 | < 0.001b |
| SMI, kg/m2 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.48 | < 0.001a |
| CSA of GHM, mm2 | 164.4 ± 48.0 | 178.4 ± 57.6 | 157.7 ± 41.3 | 0.17 | < 0.05a |
| CSA of tongue, mm2 | 1663.3 ± 275.9 | 1772.0 ± 267.8 | 1610.6 ± 265.6 | 0.61 | 0.001b |
| EI of GHM | 18.5 ± 8.6 | 14.5 ± 6.1 | 20.5 ± 8.9 | 0.36 | < 0.001a |
| EI of tongue | 36.2 ± 7.9 | 32.3 ± 7.0 | 38.0 ± 7.7 | 0.77 | < 0.001b |
| MNA-SF, points | 12.0 ± 3.5 | 12.4 ± 2.9 | 11.9 ± 3.7 | 0.02 | 0.82a |
| EAT-10, scores | 0.8 ± 1.8 | 1.0 ± 2.3 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.05 | 0.57a |
| Tooth loss | Eichner A:81 | Eichner A:30 | Eichner A:51 | 0.43c | |
| Eichner B:48 | Eichner B:13 | Eichner B:35 | |||
| Eichner C:12 | Eichner C:3 | Eichner C:9 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
aMann–Whitney test.
bt-test.
cChi-square test.
BMI body mass index, SMI skeletal muscle mass index, TMI trunk muscle mass index, CSA cross-sectional area, EI echo intensity, GHM geniohyoid muscle, MNA-SF mini nutritional assessment-short form, EAT-10 eating assessment tool-10.