TABLE 2.

The association of self-esteem in 2014 with cognitive test scores in 2014, 2016, and 2018.

Items	Mathematics test				Vocabulary test
	2014 (n = 1,518)		2018 (n = 848)		2014 (n = 1,518)		2018 (n = 848)
	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
(a) Mathematics and vocabulary test scores in 2014 and 2018
Unadjusted model
Self-esteem in 2014	0.18 (0.14,0.22)	<0.001	0.18 (0.12,0.23)	<0.001	0.36 (0.30,0.43)	<0.001	0.23 (0.17,0.28)	<0.001
Adjusted model
Self-esteem in 2014	0.12 (0.07,0.16)	<0.001	0.09 (0.03,0.15)	0.005	0.22 (0.14,0.30)	<0.001	0.15 (0.08,0.21)	<0.001
Items	Number series test (n = 1,013)			Immediate word recall (n = 1,011)			Delayed word recall (n = 990)
	β (95% CI)		p		β (95% CI)	p	β (95% CI)	p
(b) Number series test, immediate word recall, and delayed word recall scores in 2016
Unadjusted model
Self-esteem in 2014	0.09 (0.05,0.13)		<0.001		0.04 (0.02,0.06)	<0.001	0.04 (0.01,0.06)	0.002
Adjusted model
Self-esteem in 2014	0.04 (−0.01,0.10)		0.127		0.03 (0,0.05)	0.030	0.05 (0.02,0.08)	0.002

In the adjusted model, this table controlled for adolescents’ characteristics (age and gender), parents’ characteristics (maternal age, paternal age, maternal education level, paternal education level, maternal employment status, paternal employment status), and household characteristics (urban–rural location, household per capita income, family size).