Table 5.
Growth outcomes of randomized late preterm infants and term breastfeeding reference group.
| Outcome | Timepoint | Comparison | Unadjusted Mean difference (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusteda Mean difference (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight z-score | 30 | STF—BFR | −1.69 (−2.22, −1.16) | <0.0001 | −1.56 (−2.00, −1.12) | <0.0001 |
| NEF—BFR | −1.55 (−2.09, −1.01) | <0.0001 | −1.07 (−1.53, −0.62) | <0.0001 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.14 (−0.56, 0.83) | 0.70 | 0.49 (−0.07, 1.04) | 0.09 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 60 | STF—BFR | −1.25 (−1.77, −0.72) | <0.0001 | −1.10 (−1.56, −0.64) | <0.0001 | |
| NEF—BFR | −1.05 (−1.63, −0.46) | 0.0005 | −0.44 (−1.01, 0.13) | 0.13 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.20 (−0.53, 0.93) | 0.59 | 0.66 (0.01, 1.31) | 0.05 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 90 | STF—BFR | −0.87 (−1.48, −0.25) | 0.006 | −0.60 (−1.23, 0.03) | 0.06 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.69 (−1.36, −0.03) | 0.04 | 0.04 (−0.69, 0.76) | 0.92 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.17 (−0.67, 1.01) | 0.69 | 0.64 (−0.19, 1.47) | 0.13 | ||
| Overall | 0.005 | 0.14 | ||||
| 120 | STF—BFR | −0.62 (−1.36, 0.12) | 0.10 | −0.30 (−1.07, 0.47) | 0.44 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.39 (−1.05, 0.28) | 0.26 | 0.32 (−0.52, 1.15) | 0.46 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.24 (−0.68, 1.15) | 0.61 | 0.62 (−0.46, 1.69) | 0.26 | ||
| Overall | 0.17 | 0.53 | ||||
| 180 | STF—BFR | −0.20 (−0.79, 0.40) | 0.52 | 0.05 (−0.61, 0.70) | 0.89 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.19 (−0.95, 0.57) | 0.63 | 0.51 (−0.67, 1.68) | 0.40 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.01 (−0.88, 0.90) | 0.99 | 0.46 (−0.84, 1.76) | 0.49 | ||
| Overall | 0.75 | 0.70 | ||||
| 365 | STF—BFR | 0.02 (−0.45, 0.48) | 0.95 | 0.42 (−0.19, 1.04) | 0.17 | |
| NEF—BFR | 0.08 (−0.71, 0.88) | 0.84 | 1.16 (−0.19, 2.51) | 0.09 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.07 (−0.77, 0.91) | 0.87 | 0.73 (−0.51, 1.97) | 0.25 | ||
| Overall | 0.98 | 0.18 | ||||
| Length z-score | 30 | STF—BFR | −2.34 (−2.86, −1.81) | <0.0001 | −2.14 (−2.53, −1.76) | <0.0001 |
| NEF—BFR | −2.14 (−2.63, −1.65) | <0.0001 | −1.60 (−2.14, −1.05) | <0.0001 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.19 (−0.42, 0.80) | 0.53 | 0.55 (−0.03, 1.12) | 0.06 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 60 | STF—BFR | −1.83 (−2.38, −1.27) | <0.0001 | −1.49 (−1.94, −1.04) | <0.0001 | |
| NEF—BFR | −1.89 (−2.41, −1.37) | <0.0001 | −1.33 (−2.03, −0.63) | 0.0002 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.06 (−0.73, 0.60) | 0.85 | 0.16 (−0.53, 0.85) | 0.65 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 90 | STF—BFR | −1.44 (−2.19, −0.70) | 0.0001 | −1.18 (−1.76, −0.60) | <0.0001 | |
| NEF—BFR | −1.32 (−1.98, −0.66) | <0.0001 | −0.83 (−1.82, 0.16) | 0.10 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.12 (−0.77, 1.02) | 0.78 | 0.36 (−0.68, 1.40) | 0.50 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||
| 120 | STF—BFR | −1.24 (−1.91, −0.57) | 0.0003 | −0.78 (−1.45, −0.11) | 0.02 | |
| NEF—BFR | −1.06 (−1.68, −0.45) | 0.0007 | −0.17 (−1.03, 0.69) | 0.70 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.18 (−0.62, 0.98) | 0.66 | 0.61 (−0.38, 1.60) | 0.22 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | 0.07 | ||||
| 180 | STF—BFR | −0.60 (−1.29, 0.08) | 0.08 | −0.17 (−0.78, 0.43) | 0.58 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.78 (−1.41, −0.15) | 0.02 | 0.06 (−0.79, 0.92) | 0.88 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.18 (−0.99, 0.64) | 0.67 | 0.24 (−0.69, 1.16) | 0.62 | ||
| Overall | 0.03 | 0.82 | ||||
| 365 | STF—BFR | −0.49 (−1.54, 0.56) | 0.36 | 0.30 (−1.49, 2.09) | 0.74 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.50 (−1.25, 0.26) | 0.20 | 0.93 (−0.16, 2.02) | 0.10 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.01 (−1.19, 1.18) | 0.99 | 0.62 (−1.40, 2.65) | 0.55 | ||
| Overall | 0.34 | 0.24 | ||||
| Head circumference z-score | 30 | STF—BFR | −1.70 (−2.24, −1.17) | <0.0001 | −1.96 (−2.68, −1.24) | <0.0001 |
| NEF—BFR | −1.25 (−1.78, −0.73) | <0.0001 | −1.06 (−1.63, −0.50) | 0.0002 | ||
| NEF—STF | 0.45 (−0.22, 1.12) | 0.19 | 0.90 (0.18, 1.61) | 0.01 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 60 | STF—BFR | −1.19 (−1.75, −0.64) | <0.0001 | −1.56 (−2.14, −0.99) | <0.0001 | |
| NEF—BFR | −1.27 (−1.75, −0.79) | <0.0001 | −1.02 (−1.70, −0.34) | 0.003 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.08 (−0.73, 0.57) | 0.81 | 0.54 (−0.15, 1.23) | 0.12 | ||
| Overall | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 90 | STF—BFR | −0.77 (−1.34, −0.20) | 0.008 | −1.27 (−1.98, −0.56) | 0.0005 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.81 (−1.36, −0.26) | 0.004 | −0.87 (−1.59, −0.15) | 0.02 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.04 (−0.75, 0.68) | 0.92 | 0.40 (−0.41, 1.21) | 0.34 | ||
| Overall | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
| 120 | STF—BFR | −0.42 (−0.98, 0.14) | 0.14 | −0.86 (−1.54, −0.18) | 0.01 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.59 (−1.15, −0.04) | 0.04 | −0.52 (−1.36, 0.32) | 0.22 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.17 (−0.87, 0.52) | 0.63 | 0.34 (−0.52, 1.20) | 0.44 | ||
| Overall | 0.07 | 0.04 | ||||
| 180 | STF—BFR | −0.18 (−0.73, 0.37) | 0.52 | −0.45 (−1.02, 0.12) | 0.12 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.47 (−1.01, 0.07) | 0.09 | −0.42 (−1.15, 0.32) | 0.27 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.29 (−0.96, 0.38) | 0.40 | 0.03 (−0.71, 0.77) | 0.94 | ||
| Overall | 0.23 | 0.26 | ||||
| 365 | STF—BFR | −0.43 (−1.10, 0.23) | 0.20 | −1.09 (−1.79, −0.40) | 0.002 | |
| NEF—BFR | −0.44 (−1.19, 0.30) | 0.24 | −0.30 (−0.97, 0.38) | 0.39 | ||
| NEF—STF | −0.01 (−0.88, 0.86) | 0.98 | 0.80 (−0.04, 1.63) | 0.06 | ||
| Overall | 0.30 | 0.008 |
BFR, breastfeeding reference; NEF, nutrient enriched formula; STF, standard term formula.
a
Adjusted for index of relative socio-economic disadvantage quintile and maternal BMI (not infant sex as this is already incorporated in the z-score calculation).