TABLE 1.
Characteristics of studies included.
| Studies | Drugs | Study design | Number of subjects (Male/Female) | Dosing regimen | Race | Children/Adults | Patients/volunteers | PK measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychotropic medications | ||||||||
| Özerdem et al. (2014) | lithium | Retrospective naturalistic study | 240 (104/136) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | bipolar disorder patients | Serum lithium level was higher in women |
| Henry (2002) | lithium | Retrospective study | 60 (22/38) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | Type I bipolar disorder patients | NR |
| Öhlund et al. (2018) | lithium | Retrospective cohort study | 423 (185/238) | Individualized dosing | Swedish | adults | bipolar disorder patients | NR |
| Hoekstra et al. (2021) | amisulpride | Prospective randomized study | 144 (93/51) | aripiprazole 15 mg/day | Predominantly Caucasian | adults | schizophrenia patients | amisulpride and aripiprazole level were higher in women |
| aripiprazole | olanzapine 10 mg/day | |||||||
| olanzapine | amisulpride 400 mg/day | |||||||
| Düring et al. (2019) | amisulpride | Prospective cohort study | 56 (35/21) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | schizophrenia patients | NR |
| Müller et al. (2006) | amisulpride | Prospective naturalistic study | 99 (61/38) | 400–1,200 mg/day | NR | adults | schizophrenia patients | amisulpride plasma level was higher in women |
| Kraal et al. (2017) | clozapine olanzapine | Cross-sectional study | 79 (51/28) | Individualized dosing | 63% White | adults | schizophrenia patients | NR |
| 25% Black | ||||||||
| 12% Other | ||||||||
| Lau et al. (2016) | clozapine | Retrospective cohort study | 117 (67/50) | Individualized dosing | NR | NR | patients | NR |
| Hollingworth et al. (2018) | clozapine | Retrospective descriptive study | 2,194 (1,470/724) | Individualized dosing | NR | NR | patients | NR |
| Pu et al. (2020) | olanzapine aripiprazole | Prospective cohort study | 569 (283/286) | risperidone 3–6 mg/day olanzapine 10–25 mg/day aripiprazole 15–30 mg/day | East Asian | adults | schizophrenia patients | NR |
| risperidone | ||||||||
| Belmonte et al. (2016) | Aripiprazole | Retrospective meta-analysis | 157 (89/68) | 10 mg single dose | NR | adults | healthy volunteers | AUC and Cmax were higher in women |
| Labelle et al. (2001) | risperidone | Prospective cohort study | 330 (232/98) | 6 mg/day | NR | adults | schizophrenia patients | NR |
| Cardiovascular Medications | ||||||||
| Essebag et al. (2007) | amiodarone | Prospective cohort study | 973 (583/390) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | AF patients | NR |
| Roten et al. (2009) | amiodarone | Retrospective chart review | 264 (192/72) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | AF patient | NR |
| Lehmann et al. (1996) | d,l-sotalol | Retrospective study | 3,135 (2,336/799) | Individualized dosing | NR | Adults | patients | NR |
| Smiderle et al. (2014) | simvastatin atorvastatin | Prospective cohort study | 495 (164/331) | Individualized dosing | European descent | adults | hypercholesterolemia patients | NR |
| Sadanaga et al. (2009) | enalapril | Prospective cohort study | 199 (101/98) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | HF patients | NR |
| Ishani et al. (2005) | enalapril | Retrospective study | 6,436 (5,458/978) | 10 mg bid | 86% Caucasian | adults | HF patients | NR |
| 7% AA | ||||||||
| 2% Hispanic | ||||||||
| 6% other | ||||||||
| Wood (1995) | enalapril captopril lisinopril | Retrospective cohort study | 1,013 (547/466) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | HTN patients | NR |
| Fan et al. (2008) | captopril nifedipine | Prospective, randomized study | 3,535 (1,209/2,326) | captopril 25–50 mg/day | East Asian | adults | HTN patients | NR |
| HCTZ atenolol | Nifedipine 20–40 mg/day | |||||||
| HCTZ 12.5–25 mg/day atenolol 12.5–25 mg/day | ||||||||
| Os et al. (1994) | lisinopril | Prospective, randomized study | 828 (424/404) | Individualized dosing | NR | adults | HTN patients | NR |
| Nifedipine | ||||||||
| Coulter and Edwards (1987) | captopril enalapril | Retrospective postmarketing surveillance | unknown | Individualized dosing | NR | children and adults | HTN patients | NR |
| Abad-Santos et al. (2005) | amlodipine | Prospective, randomized study | 36 (18/18) | 10 mg single dose | Caucasian | adults | healthy volunteers | similar AUC and Cmax in both sexes |
| Analgesic Medications | ||||||||
| Sadhasivam et al. (2015) | morphine | Prospective cohort study | 219 (105/114) | 0.1–0.2 mg/kg, additional 0.05 mg/kg PRN. | Caucasian | children | children undergoing tonsillectomy | NR |
| Fillingim et al. (2005) | morphine | Prospective, randomized, double-blind study | 100 (39/61) | 0.08 mg/kg single dose | Predominately Caucasian | adults | healthy volunteers | NR |
| Bijur et al. (2008) | morphine | Retrospective meta-analysis | 355 (144/211) | 0.1 mg/kg single dose | predominately Latino and African American | adults | patients with acute pain | NR |
Individualized dosing: participants used their original dosage and might adjust the dose according to their heathy condition during the study. The researchers did not assign dose for participants. *HCTZ, hydrochlorothiazide; AF, atrial fibrillation; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; AA, african american; bid, twice daily; PRN, as needed; NR, not reported; AUC, area under the curve; Cmax, maximum serum concentration.