TABLE 2.
Summary of findings of sex difference research.
| Drug | Consistent findings | Conflicting findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male-biased | Female-biased | No sex difference | ||
| Psychotropic medications | ||||
| Lithium | Tremor (Henry, 2002) | Edema (Öhlund et al., 2018) | Acne (Henry, 2002) | — |
| Weight gain (Henry, 2002; Öhlund et al., 2018) | Polyuria (Henry, 2002) | |||
| Thyroid dysfunction (Henry, 2002; Özerdem et al., 2014) | ||||
| Amisulpride | — | Increased prolactin levels (Düring et al., 2019; Hoekstra et al., 2021) | Extrapyramidal symptoms (Müller et al., 2006; Hoekstra et al., 2021) | Sexual dysfunction (female-biased (Düring et al., 2019) vs. no sex difference (Müller et al., 2006; Hoekstra et al., 2021)) |
| Agitation (Müller et al., 2006) | ||||
| Sedation (Müller et al., 2006) | ||||
| Blurred vision (Müller et al., 2006) | ||||
| Metabolic ADRs (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | ||||
| Hypersalivation (Müller et al., 2006) | ||||
| Clozapine | Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (Hollingworth et al., 2018) | Weight gain (Lau et al., 2016) | — | — |
| Neutropenia (Hollingworth et al., 2018) | ||||
| Olanzapine | Increased BMI (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | Dermatological symptoms (Pu et al., 2020) | Dystonia, rigidity, hypo/hyperkinesia, tremor, seizure (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | — |
| Increased glucose level (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | Higher prolactin level (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | Sexual dysfunction (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | ||
| Autonomic ADRs (Pu et al., 2020) | ||||
| Aripiprazole | BMI increase (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | BP lowering, higher HR, prolonged QTc interval (Belmonte et al., 2016) | Dystonia, rigidity, hypo/hyperkinesia, tremor, seizure (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | — |
| Nausea and vomiting (Belmonte et al., 2016) | Increased glucose level (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | |||
| Psychotic ADRs (Pu et al., 2020) | Sexual dysfunction (Hoekstra et al., 2021) | |||
| Risperidone | — | Rashes (Pu et al., 2020) | Weight gain (Labelle et al., 2001) | — |
| Parkinsonism, dystonia (Labelle et al., 2001) | ||||
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||
| Amiodarone | — | Phototoxicity (Roten et al., 2009) | — | — |
| Bradyarrhythmia requiring pacemaker insertion (Essebag et al., 2007) | ||||
| d,l-sotalol | — | Torsade de pointes (TdP) (Lehmann et al., 1996) | — | — |
| Simvastatin/atorvastatin | Abnormal liver function (Smiderle et al., 2014) | Myalgia (Smiderle et al., 2014) | — | — |
| Increased CPK levels (Smiderle et al., 2014) | ||||
| Enalapril | Anemia (Ishani et al., 2005) | — | — | Cough (female-biased (Coulter and Edwards, 1987) vs. no sex difference (Wood, 1995; Sadanaga et al., 2009)) |
| Captopril | — | — | — | Cough (female-biased (Coulter and Edwards, 1987; Fan et al., 2008) vs. no sex difference (Wood, 1995)) |
| Lisinopril | — | — | — | Cough (female-biased (Os et al., 1994) vs. no sex difference (Wood, 1995)) |
| Amlodipine | — | — | Headache, dizziness, and tiredness (Abad-Santos et al., 2005) | — |
| Nifedipine | — | Intolerable edema (Fan et al., 2008) | Cough (Os et al., 1994) | — |
| Atenolol | — | — | Bradycardia (Fan et al., 2008) | — |
| Fatigue (Fan et al., 2008) | ||||
| Analgesic medications | ||||
| Morphine | — | — | Pruritus (Fillingim et al., 2005; Sadhasivam et al., 2015) | Nausea and vomiting (female-biased (Fillingim et al., 2005) vs. no sex difference (Bijur et al., 2008; Sadhasivam et al., 2015)) |
| Dizziness (Fillingim et al., 2005) | ||||
| Respiratory depression (Sadhasivam et al., 2015) | ||||
*
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; CPK, creatinine phosphokinase.