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. 2023 May 2;14:1180336. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180336

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The involvement of dysbiotic gut microbiota in COVID-19 physiopathology. Gut microbiota affects the susceptibility of host cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2-induced gut microbiota perturbation contributes to COVID-19 deterioration. Thus, the gut microbiota signature is closely associated with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. In terms of mechanism, gut microbiota exacerbates SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm and leads to hyperinflammation. Moreover, gut microbiota is capable of abrogating host adaptive immune responses by inhibiting CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell expansion. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-18, interleukin-18; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.