Table 2.

Distribution of tie‐stall systems reported for individual EU‐MS countries

Country (Region)	Level	n farms	% farms	n cows	% cows	Reference
AT	Sample	1,851	–	–	37.0	Pöllinger et al. (2018)
DK	National		18.0	18,600	3.3	Statistics Denmark (2021a,b)
FI	National	–	70.0	–	–	Animal Welfare Centre (2014)
FR	National	–	10.6	–	5.5	Idele (2021) (a)
DE	National	21,530	32.1	479,300	11.5	Statistisches Bundesamt (2021b)
IT (Alps)	Regional	–	> 98.0	–	–	(ISTAT 2005 in Corazzin et al., 2010)
NL	National	–	8.0	–	4.0 (b)	(review in Barkema et al., 2015)
PL (Wielkapolska)	Regional	–	–	371,500	87.1	(Winnicki and Jugowar, 2011)
RO	National	–	75.0–90.0 (c)	–	–	(Popescu et al., 2013)
SE	National	–	42.6	–	21.6	(Sverige, 2021)

^(a)Figures refer to the year 2015.

^(b)Official national statistics from 2012 (CBS, 2012).

^{(c) :} Estimates by the authors.