Table 15.

Measures used to assess lameness in cattle

Measure for	Scale/method	Categories	Reference
Gait assessment	5‐point scale	Smooth and fluid movement Imperfect locomotion, but ability to move freely not diminished Capable of locomotion but ability to move freely is compromised Ability to move freely is obviously diminished Ability to move is severely restricted	Flower and Weary (2006), Sprecher et al. (1997), Winckler and Willen (2001)
Gait assessment	4‐point scale	Sound locomotion Steps uneven or shortened Identifiable problem in one or more limbs Severely impaired mobility	AHDB (2021), Barker et al. (2010)
Gait assessment	3‐point scale	Not lame Moderately lame Severely lame	Brinkmann and Stevens (2016), Welfare Quality® (2009)
Assessment in tie‐stalls	Four criteria to identify lameness from behind: weight shifting, sparing a foot while standing, unequal weight bearing when stepping from side to side, standing on the edge of the kerb		Leach et al. (2008) in Leach et al. (2009), Palacio et al. (2017)