Table 23.

Housing‐related hazards affecting lameness in cubicle systems

Housing‐related hazards affecting lameness		Effect	Reference
Lying surface	Mats/mattresses (vs. deep‐bedded (sand))	↑	Andreasen and Forkman (2012)
	Shallow (vs. deep‐bedded)	↑	Chapinal et al. (2013)
	Concrete (vs. soft mats or deep‐bedded)	↑	de Vries et al. (2015)
	Mats/mattress (vs. deep‐bedded)	↑	Husfeldt and Endres (2012), Cook et al. (2016), Armbrecht et al. (2019)
	Abrasive (vs. soft surfaces)	↑	Barker et al. (2010)
	Shallow bedding, mat, mattress (vs. deep‐bedded)	↑	Griffiths et al. (2018)
	Mat/mattress (vs. deep‐bedded)	ns	Cook et al. (2016)
	Sand (vs. no bedding, mats, straw, sawdust, wood shavings)	↓	Westin et al. (2016b)
Floor type	Rubber on alley to milking	↓	Chapinal et al. (2013)
	Slipperiness Slatted vs. slatted + solid	↑ ↑	Sarjokari et al. (2013)
	Grooved (vs. solid concrete (a)	↑	Pérez‐Cabal and Alenda (2014)
	Groove spaces < 2 cm vs. no or > 2 cm	↑	Griffiths et al. (2018)
	Concrete (vs. rubber (b) )	↑	Eicher et al. (2013)
	Fully floored (vs. partially floored mastic asphalt (c) )	↑	Führer et al. (2019)
Cubicle dimension	Higher neck rails	↓	Gieseke et al. (2020)
	Obstructed lunge space	↑	Westin et al. (2016b)
	Cubicle width > = 0.83 × cow height; Neck rail height = 0.80 to 0.90 × cow diagonal length Unobstructed head zone > = 0.53 × cow height	↓ ↓ ↓	de Boyer des Roches et al. (2019)
Further housing hazards	Wider feeding alley	↓	Sarjokari et al. (2013), Westin et al. (2016b)
	Higher cow: cubicle ratio	↓	Gieseke et al. (2020)

↑ = significant increase in prevalence of lameness (p < 0.05), ↓ = significant decrease in prevalence.

^(a)Only in primiparous cows.

^(b)Only during second lactation (effect of treatment*lactation).

^(c)Mastic asphalt is a mixture of crushed stone gravel and bitumen (slip‐resistant but abrasive), partially‐floored mastic asphalt: 55–66% mastic asphalt, 33–45% rubber or plain concrete.