Table 31.

Assessment of ABMs for restriction of movement (locomotion) in terms of feasibility, sensitivity and specificity

ABM	Description of the ABM
Step activity	Definition: Number of steps per day; can be measured by pedometers, GPS or video recordings (Shepley et al., 2020a,b). Decreased step activity is indicative of restriction of movement. Feasibility: Low ‐ Potential future measure currently not fully implemented due to indoor positioning systems and GPS not consistently available on farm Sensitivity and Specificity: High sensitivity but low specificity (low step activity could also be caused by other factors such as lameness– many false positives possible). Specificity will increase if sampled cows are not lame.
Walking distance	Definition: Distance walked per day; can be measured by pedometers, GPS or video recordings (Shepley et al., 2020a,b). Decreased walking distance is indicative of restriction of movement. Feasibility: Low ‐ Requires GPS technology which is not yet available in all farms – potential future measure Sensitivity and Specificity: High sensitivity but low specificity (abnormal walking distance could also be caused by other factors such as lameness/weather conditions/access to feed on pasture/stage of lactation)
Speed	Definition: Distance covered per time unit measured using pedometers, GPS or video recordings (Shepley et al., 2020a,b). Decreased speed is indicative of restriction of movement. Feasibility: Low ‐ Potential future measure as indoor positioning systems and GPS are not consistently available on farm. Sensitivity and Specificity: High sensitivity but low specificity (e.g. speed is affected also by lameness)