Table 36.
Farm hazards affecting lying behaviour in tie‐stall systems
| Stall characteristics | Variable | Analysis (a) | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wider stalls | Lying (h/day) | MA | ↑ | Bouffard et al. (2017) |
| Wider stalls | Lying bouts (number/day) | MA | ↓ | Boyer et al. (2021b) |
| Lying bout duration (h/bout) | MA | ↑ | ||
| Collision while rising up (%) | MA | ↓ | ||
| Lying with extended hind legs (%) | MA | ↑ | ||
| Longer stalls | Lying (h/day) | MA | ↑ | McPherson and Vasseur (2021) |
| Lying bout duration (min/bout) | MA | ↑ | ||
| Collision while rising up (%) | MA | ↓ | ||
| Tie‐rail further forward | Lying (h/day) | MA | (↑) | Bouffard et al. (2017) |
| Lying bouts (number/day) | MA | ↑ | ||
| Higher tie‐rail | Lying (h/day) | MA | ↓ | Bouffard et al. (2017) |
| Lying bouts (number/day) | MA | ↓ | ||
| Longer beds | Lying bouts (number/day) | MA | ↑ | Bouffard et al. (2017) |
| Longer chains | Intention before lying (s) | MA | ↓ | Boyer et al. (2021a) |
↑/↓ = significant increase/decrease of the variable (p < 0.05), (↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1); ns = not significant. The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red). Arrows in black reflect an unclear interpretation of the effect from a welfare perspective.
(a)
statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered).