Table 38.
Cubicle characteristics affecting lying behaviour in cubicle systems
| Hazards | Variable | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hazards related to cubicle dimensions | |||
| Increased bed length ratio | Collision while lying down or rising up (%) | ↓ | Dirksen et al. (2020) |
| Hesitant head lunge while rising up (%) | ↓ | ||
| Backwards shifting or sideways head lunge while rising up (%) | ↓ | ||
| Repeated head pendulum or front leg stepping while lying down (%) | ↓ | ||
| Lying with curb board or partitions contact (%) | ↓ | ||
| Increased lunge space ratio | Repeated hind leg stepping while lying down (%) | ↓ | Dirksen et al. (2020) |
|
Increased curb height Increased cubicle width |
Lying (h/day) |
↑ ↑ |
Morabito et al. (2017) |
|
Increased curb height Increased cubicle width |
Lying (h/day) |
↑ ↑ |
Solano et al. (2016) |
| Hazards related to lying surface characteristics | |||
| Mattress (vs. concrete) | Lying bouts (min/bout) | ↓ | Solano et al. (2016) |
| Lying bouts (bouts/day) | ↓ | ||
| Mattress (vs. sand) | Lying (h/day) | ↓ | Gomez and Cook (2010) |
| Lying bouts (h/bout) | ↓ | ||
| Lying bouts (bouts/day) | ↑ | ||
| Mats (vs. deep‐bedded) | Duration of lying down movement (s) | ↓ | Gieseke et al. (2020) |
| Concrete (vs. soft/mat(tress)) | Narrow lying posture (%) | ↑ | van Erp‐van der Kooij et al. (2019) |
|
Mat(tress) (vs. soft/concrete) Hanging dividers |
Wide lying posture (%) |
↑ ↑ |
van Erp‐van der Kooij et al. (2019) |
|
Soft mat(tress) (vs. concrete/mat(tress)) English dividers |
Long lying posture (%) |
↑ ↑ |
van Erp‐van der Kooij et al. (2019) |
|
Soft mat(tress) (vs. concrete mat(tress)) R‐shape dividers |
Short lying posture (%) |
↓ ↑ |
van Erp‐van der Kooij et al. (2019) |
| Deep‐bedded | Lying (h/day) | ↑ | Ito et al. (2014) |
| Lying bouts (min/bout) | ↑ | ||
| Lying bouts (bouts/day) | ↓ | ||
| Deep‐bedded (vs. mattress) | Lying bouts (min/bout) | ↑ | King et al. (2016) |
| Lying (h/day) | (↑) | Robles et al. (2021) | |
| Sand (vs. wood shavings) | Lying (h/day) | ↑ | Solano et al. (2016) |
| Soiled lying surface | Lying (h/day) | ↓ | Robles et al. (2021) |
| Increased % soiled cubicles | Lying bouts (bouts/day) | ↓ | Ito et al. (2014) |
| Hazards related to depth and moist of bedding | |||
| Bedding depth < 2 cm | Lying (h/day) | ↓ | Morabito et al. (2017) |
| Bedding depth > 2 cm | Lying bouts (min/bout) | ↑ | Solano et al. (2016) |
| Lying (h/day) | ↑ | ||
| Drier bedding | Lying (h/day) | ↑ | Reich et al. (2010) |
↑/↓ = significant increase/decrease of the variable (p < 0.05); (↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1). The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red). Arrows in black reflect an unclear interpretation of the effect from a welfare perspective.