Table 43.

Hazards associated with the occurrence of self‐grooming

Hazards	Variable	Analysis (a)	Effect	Reference
Solid rubber floor vs. mastic asphalt vs. slatted concrete	Self‐licking on three or four legs (events/3 h)	UA	ns	Haufe et al. (2009)
Concrete floor (vs. rubber floor)	Self‐licking while standing on 3 legs (events/8 h)	UA	↓	Platz et al. (2008)
	Caudal self‐licking (events/8 h)	UA	↓
Increased stocking density in transition pen	Self‐licking (min/h), immediately after integration into lactating herd	MA	↓	Mazer et al. (2020)

↑/↓ = significantly higher/lower (p < 0.05); (↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1); ns = not significant. The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red).

^(a)UA = univariable, MA = multivariable.