. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table 45.

Hazards associated with brush use

Hazards	Variable	Analysis ^(a)	Effect	Reference
Food closer to the brush (food on brush side) (vs. food available on opposite side)	Brush use (number/day)	UA	↑	Mandel et al. (2013)
	Brush use (% cows/day)	UA	↑	Mandel et al. (2013)
Brush located near feed bunk (3 m) (vs. 16 m)	Brush use (s/day)	MA	ns	Mandel and Nicol (2017)
Brush located near feed bunk (3 m) (vs. 16 m)	Brush use (% cows/day)	MA	ns	Mandel and Nicol (2017)

↑/↓ = significantly higher/lower (p < 0.05); ns = not significant. The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red).

^(a)

UA = univariable, MA = multivariable.