Table 51.

Farm level animal‐based measures selected to evaluate welfare consequences associated with farms on which there are more cows than cubicles

Welfare Consequence	Farm level animal‐based measure
Resting problems	Hygiene score (% cows with belly score 4; Hughes, 2001; Ruud et al., 2010)
Group, handling or sensory stress	Average occurrence of agonistic interactions in the lying area, e.g. displacements, per cow per hour (Welfare Quality, 2009)
Locomotory disorders	Lameness (gait) scoring; % cows lame (score > 1; Welfare Quality, 2009; Amory et al., 2006)