Table 53.

Farm level animal‐based measures selected to evaluate welfare consequences associated with farms with limited space

Welfare consequence	Farm level animal‐based measure
Restriction of movement	No feasible ABM identified
Group, handling or sensory stressors	Observational scoring of agonistic interactions in the whole area, e.g. head butts, displacements, per cow per h (Welfare Quality, 2009)
Inability to perform feed‐ and exploration‐related behaviours	Observational scoring of agonistic interactions in the feed area, e.g. displacement from the feeder and drinkers, per cow per h (Welfare Quality, 2009)
Locomotory disorders	Lameness (gait) scoring; % cows lame (score >1; Welfare Quality, 2009; Amory et al., 2006)