Table 55.

Farm level animal‐based measures selected to evaluate welfare consequences associated with farms on which cubicle dimensions are inappropriate

Welfare consequence	Farm level animal‐based measure
Resting problems	Hygiene score (% cows with belly score 4; Ruud et al., 2010)
	% of cows showing deviations from normal rising behaviour (Schenkenfelder and Winckler, 2021)
Skin or soft tissue damage	% of cows with lesions/swellings (Welfare Quality, 2009)
Locomotory disorders	Lameness (gait) scoring; % cows lame (score > 1; Welfare Quality, 2009; Amory et al., 2006)