Table 57.

Farm level animal‐based measures selected to evaluate welfare consequences associated with farms that do not provide access to pasture for at least 2 months of the year

Welfare consequence	Farm level animal‐based measure
Locomotory disorders	Lameness (mobility) scoring; % cows lame (score > 1; Welfare Quality, 2009; Amory et al., 2006)
Restriction of movement	No feasible ABM identified
Inability to perform feed‐ and exploration‐related behaviours	No feasible ABM identified
Resting problems	No feasible ABM identified
Skin or soft tissue damage	% of cows with lesions/swellings (Welfare Quality, 2009)