. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table D.14.

Effects of access to pasture or outdoor loafing area on prevalence of claw disorders

Country	System ^(a)	Time ^(b)	Group comparisons	n herds	n animals	Variable	Analysis ^(c)	Effect	Reference
IT	Tie‐stall	Spring – winter	All‐year tethering before pasture during pasture after pasture	24	–	Claw condition	UA	↓ ^(d)	Corazzin et al. (2010)
FI	Tie‐stall	Spring–winter	Pasture + winter exercise ^(e) Pasture + winter indoors Exercise ^(e) All‐year indoors	949	28,645	Infectious claw diseases	MA	↑	Häggman and Juga (2015)
FI	Tie‐stall	Spring–winter		949	28,645	Non‐infectious claw diseases	MA	↓ ^(f)	Häggman and Juga (2015)
AT, IT	Cubicle, tie‐stall	Summer	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	204	1,891	Claw diseases	MA	↓	Katzenberger et al. (2020)
AT, IT	Cubicle, tie‐stall	Summer	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	204	1,891	Overgrown claws	MA	ns	Katzenberger et al. (2020)
CH	Cubicle	Spring–winter	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	35	339	Slight white line fissures	MA	↓	Haufe et al. (2012)
						Deep white line fissures	MA	ns
						Digital dermatitis	MA	↓ ^(g)
						Heel horn erosion	MA	ns
						Haemorrhage	MA	ns
						Sole ulcer	MA	ns
						Subclinical claw diseases	MA	↓ ^(h)
DE	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Zero‐grazing < 6 h grazing ⁽ⁱ⁾ 6–10 h grazing ⁽ⁱ⁾ > 10 h grazing ^(e) ^, ⁽ⁱ⁾	20	240	Digital dermatitis	MA	ns	Armbrecht et al. (2018)
						Double sole	MA	ns
						Heel horn erosion	MA	↓ ^(j)
						Horn fissure	MA	ns
						Interdigital dermatitis	MA	ns
						Interdigital hyperplasia	MA	ns
						Interdigital phlegmon	MA	ns
						Haemorrhage	MA	ns
						Sole ulcer	MA	ns
						White line disease	MA	ns
DK	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Winter housing Summer grazing	56	3,148	Overgrown claws	UA	↓	Burow et al. (2013a)
IT	Cubicle, straw yard		Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	18	2821	Claw disorders	UA	ns	Pugliese et al. (2021)
FI	Cubicle, straw yard	Spring–winter	Pasture + winter exercise ^(e) Pasture + winter indoors Exercise ^(e) All‐year indoors	262	10,495	Infectious claw diseases	MA	ns	Häggman and Juga (2015)
FI	Cubicle, straw yard	Spring–winter		262	10,495	Non‐infectious claw diseases	MA	ns	Häggman and Juga (2015)

↓ = significantly fewer disorders during outdoor access or with increased time spent in the outdoor loafing area (p < 0.05), ↑ = significantly more disorders (p < 0.05), ns = not significant (p ≥ 0.05).

^(a)

Housing systems or husbandry practices used on the investigated farms.

^(b)

Period of data collection.

^(c)

Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered), UA = univariable analysis.

^(d)

After pasture vs. before pasture and all‐year tethering; potential confounder by claw trimming before pasture.

^(e)

Access to outdoor loafing area.

^(f)

Summer pasture + winter exercise vs. all‐year indoors.

^(g)

Effect of floor type*pasture.

^(h)

Effect of grazing*season (lowest risk at the end of summer on grazing farms).

⁽ⁱ⁾

> 120 days/year.

^(j)

Effect of grazing*season.