. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table D.15.

Effect of access to pasture or outdoor loafing area on prevalence of integument alterations on the limbs

Country	System ^(a)	Time ^(b)	Group comparisons	N herds	N animals	Variable	Analysis ^(c)	Effect	Reference
CH	Tie‐stall	Winter	< 13 days outdoor ^(d) 13 days outdoor ^(d) 14–15 days outdoor ^(d) > 15 days outdoor ^(d)	27	607	Carpal mild ^(e)	MA	↓ ^g	Bernhard et al. (2020)
						Carpal severe ^(f) Severe ^(g)	MA	↓
						Hock mild ^(e)	MA	↓
						Hock severe ^(f) severe ^(f)	MA	ns
						Stifle alterations	UA	ns
IT	Tie‐stall	Spring, summer, winter	All‐year tethering Before pasture During pasture After pasture	24	–	Integument lesions	UA	↓ ^(o)	Corazzin et al. (2010)
IT	Tie‐stall	Spring, summer, winter		24	–	Integument mild^f	UA	ns	Corazzin et al. (2010)
RO	Tie‐stall	Winter	All‐year tethering Outdoor access	80	3,192	Integument severe ^(g)	UA	↓	Popescu et al. (2013)
AT, IT	Cubicle Tie‐stall	Summer	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	204	1,891	Hock alterations	UA	↓	Katzenberger et al. (2020)
DE, AT	Cubicle	Winter	Days at pasture	105	3,691	Hock alterations	MA	ns	Brenninkmeyer et al. (2013)
DE, AT	Cubicle	Winter	Outdoor loafing (no/yes)	105	3,691	Hock alterations	MA	ns	Brenninkmeyer et al. (2013)
DE	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Zero‐grazing < 6 h grazing ^(l) 6–10 h grazing ^(l) > 10 h grazing ^(l)	20	240	Integument mild ^(g)	MA	↓	Armbrecht et al. (2019)
DE	Cubicle	Winter, summer		20	240	Integument severe ^(f)	MA	↓	Armbrecht et al. (2019)
DE	Cubicle	Winter	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture^m	64	–	Integument severe ^(f)	MA	ns	Gieseke et al. (2020)
DK	Cubicle	na	Zero‐grazing 3–9 h grazing 9–21 h grazing	56	3,148	Hock alterations	MA	↓ ^(d)	Burow et al. (2013b)
DK	Cubicle	na	Zero‐grazing 3–9 h grazing 9–21 h grazing	56	3,148	Hock severe ^(j)	MA	↓ ^(h)	Burow et al. (2013b)
DK	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Winter housing Summer grazing	56	3,148	Carpal index	UA	( ↓ )	Burow et al. (2013a)
DK	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Winter housing Summer grazing	56	3,148	Hock index	UA	↓	Burow et al. (2013a)
DK	Cubicle	Winter	Zero‐grazing Summer pasture	37	2,593	Hock alterations	MA	ns	Andreasen and Forkman (2012)
NL	Cubicle	Winter	Zero‐grazing Summer grazing	179	–	Integument severe ^(j)	MA	↓	de Vries et al. (2015)
UK	Cubicle	Winter	2–40 days housing 41–76 days housing 77–11 days housing > 112 days housing	76	–	Hock lesions	MA	↓ ⁽ⁱ⁾ ^*	Potterton et al. (2011)
						Hock mild ^(e)	MA	↓ ^*
						Hock swelling	MA	ns
USA (NE)	Cubicle	Summer	Zero‐grazing Dry cows grazing	38	1,450	Hock alterations	MA	↓	Barrientos et al. (2013)
USA (NE)	Cubicle	Summer	Zero‐grazing Dry cows grazing	38	1,450	Hock severe ^(f)	MA	↓	Barrientos et al. (2013)
DE	Various	Winter, summer	< 6 h grazing < 12 h grazing ≥ 12 h grazing	32	–	Integument mild ^(f)	MA	↓	Wagner et al. (2017)
DE	Various	Winter, summer	< 6 h grazing < 12 h grazing ≥ 12 h grazing	32	–	Integument severe ^(g)	MA	ns	Wagner et al. (2017)
IRL	Pasture‐based	Winter, summer	Winter housing Summer grazing ⁽ⁿ⁾	82	–	Carpal alterations	UA	↓	Crossley et al. (2021)
						Tarsus alterations	UA	↓
						Hock severe ^(g)	MA	↓

↓ = significantly fewer alterations during outdoor access or increased time spent outdoor (p < 0.05), (↓) = by tendency less alterations (p < 0.1), ns = not significant (p ≥ 0.05).

^(a)

Housing systems or husbandry practices used on the investigated farms.

^(b)

Period of data collection.

^(c)

Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable preselection of factors only effects of the final models were considered), UA = univariable analysis.

^(d)

Outdoor exercise during winter.

^(e)

Hairless patches.

^(f)

Lesion/swelling.

^(g)

Only 14–15 days compared to < 13 days.

^(h)

9–21 h compared to zero‐grazing.

⁽ⁱ⁾

Only 77–111 days compared to 2–14 days.

^(j)

Lesion/swelling.

^(k)

9–21 h compared to zero‐grazing.

^(l)

: ≥ 120 days/year.

^(m)

: < 6 h/days.

⁽ⁿ⁾

: > 200 days/year.

^(o)

Only after pasture vs. during pasture, and after pasture vs. zero‐pasture.

Less integument alterations in lower number of winter housing days.