Table E.6.
Housing‐ and management‐related hazards affecting different variables for mastitis in cubicle systems
| Housing‐ and management‐related hazards | Variable | Effect | Analysis (a) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cubicle dimension | ||||
| cubicle length >1.9 m | BACT: S. aur. IMI | ↓ | MA | Dufour et al. (2012) |
| BACT: CNS IMI | ns | MA | Watters et al. (2014) | |
| CM: CM/100 cow‐years at risk | ns | MA | Husfeldt and Endres (2012) | |
| cub. width > 121.7 cm | SCC: from SCC < 100 to SCC > 200 | ( ↓ ) | UA/MA | Watters et al. (2013) |
| SCC: SCC > 400 | ns | MA | Gieseke et al. (2020) | |
| Cubicle surface bedding material | ||||
| Shallow (vs. deep‐bedded cub.) | BACT: bact pos. & SCC > 100 | ↑ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| BACT: CNS IMI | ns | MA | Watters et al. (2014) | |
| Sand or concrete cubicle base (vs. rubber mattress or mats (especially in parity > 1)) | BACT: S. aur. IMI | ↓ | MA | Dufour et al. (2012) |
| Bedding > 2 cm | BACT: S. aur. IMI | ↓ | ||
| Rubber surface (vs. non‐rubber surface) | BACT: S. aur. in BM | ↑ | MA | Olde Riekerink et al. (2010), Bauman et al. (2018) |
| CM (b) | ns | MA | Rowbotham and Ruegg (2016) | |
| Soft mats, concrete (vs. rubber, multi‐layer, mattresses) | CM: CM/lactation (c) | ↑ | MA | Ruud et al. (2010) |
| Concrete (vs. mattresses) | CM: second CM/lactation (c) | ↑ | MA | Ruud et al. (2010) |
| Organic manure solids bedding (vs. sand) | CM: CM incidence/year | ↑ | MA | Esser et al. (2019) |
| Deep bedded vs. mattress (e) | CM: CM/100 cow‐years at risk | ns | MA | Husfeldt and Endres (2012) |
| Organic manure solids bedding (vs. sand) | SCC: %SCC > 200 | ns | MA | Esser et al. (2019) |
| Inorganic bedding (sand) | SCC: BMSCC | (↓) | MA | Matson et al. (2022) |
| Shallow (vs. deep‐bedded cub.) | SCC: cure during lactation | ↑ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| SCC: SCS | ↑ | MA | ||
| Deep‐bedded (vs. mattress) | SCC: from SCC < 100 to > 200 | ns | na (d) | Robles et al. (2021) |
| SCC: from SCC < 100 to SCC > 200 | ns | UA/MA | Watters et al. (2013) | |
| SCC: gBMSCC | ns | UA | Bauman et al. (2018) | |
| Heifers kept on organic bedding material | SCC: SCC > 100 (b) | ↑ | MA | Kromker et al. (2012) |
| SCC: SCC > 150 | ns | MA | Santman‐Berends et al. (2012) | |
| SCC: SCC > 200 (b) | ns | MA | Rowbotham and Ruegg (2016) | |
| SCC: SCS (b) | ns | MA | ||
| SCC: SCC > 400 | ns | MA | Gieseke et al. (2020) | |
| Organic manure solids bedding (vs. sand) | SCC: SCS | ns | MA | Esser et al. (2019) |
| Further housing factors | ||||
| Parlour milking (vs. AMS) | BACT: bact pos. & SCC > 100 | ↓ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| BACT: CNS IMI | ns | MA | Watters et al. (2014) | |
| Parlour (vs. AMS) | SCC: BMSCC | ↓ | MA | Nielsen and Emanuelson (2013) |
| Parlour milking (vs. AMS) | SCC: gBMSCC | ↓ | UA | Bauman et al. (2018) |
| Parlour (vs. AMS) | SCC: SCC ≥ 200 in ≥ 1 of 4 test days | ↓ | MA | Hiitio et al. (2017) |
| Parlour (vs. AMS) | SCC: SCC > 150 | ↓ | MA | Santman‐Berends et al. (2012) |
| Headlock (vs. ‘post & rail’ feeder) | SCC: LN SCC | ↓ | MA | Sova et al. (2013) |
| ↗ Bunk space (m/cow) | SCC: LN SCC | ↓ | ||
| SCC: CSCC | ns | MA | Hiitio et al. (2017) | |
| SCC: from SCC < 100 to SCC > 200 | ns | UA/MA | Watters et al. (2013) | |
| Management and further factors | ||||
| Farmers perceive contact to cows as pleasant | BACT: bact pos. & SCC > 100 | ↓ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| Quantity of herd observation beside routine work | BACT: bact pos. & SCC > 100 | (↓) | ||
| 90–120 min post‐milking‐standing | BACT: CNS IMI | ↓ | MA | Watters et al. (2014) |
|
Milkers wear gloves Preteat disinfection Number of calving pens Adequate teat condition score |
BACT: S. aur. IMI | ↓ | MA | Dufour et al. (2012) |
| Milking equipment checked by an independent technician < once yearly | BACT: S. aur. in BM | ↓ | MA | Olde Riekerink et al. (2010) |
| Chronically infected cows are tagged fore‐stripping | BACT: S.aur. in BM | ↓ | MA | Bauman et al. (2018) |
|
Lame cows Overconditioned cows |
SCC: BMSCC | ↑ | MA | Matson et al. (2022) |
| Organic (vs. conventional) | SCC: CSCC | ↑ | MA | Hiitio et al. (2017) |
| Holstein breed (vs. Ayrshire and others) | SCC: CSCC | ↑ | MA | |
| SCC: SCC ≥ 200 in ≥ 1 of 4 test days | ↑ | MA | ||
| Longer contact of stockpersons and cows during routine work | SCC: cure during lactation | (↓) | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| % farmer's positive interaction with cows during milking | SCC: cure during lactation | ↓ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| SCC: SCS | MA | |||
| Farmer's agreement with patience when moving cows | SCC: SCS | ↓ | MA | Ivemeyer et al. (2018) |
| Fresh cleaning material per cow | SCC: SCS | (↓) | ||
| > 90 min post‐milk‐standing; encourage of post‐milk‐standing (feed) | SCC: from SCC < 100 to SCC > 200 | ↓ | UA/MA | Watters et al. (2013) |
| Juvenile cross‐sucking | SCC: SCC > 100 (b) | ↑ | MA | Kromker et al. (2012) |
| Removing supernumery teats heifers close to calving housed together with lactating cows | SCC: SCC > 150 | ↓ | MA | Santman‐Berends et al. (2012) |
↑/↓ = significantly higher/lower (p < 0.05); (↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1); ns = not significant. The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red).
(a)
Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis; UA = univariable analysis.
(b)
Primiparous cows.
(c)
All systems without or with very low amounts of bedding material.
(d)
Only abstract available.
(e)
All farms with cubicles with recycled manure solids.