Table F.1.
Effects of access to pasture or outdoor loafing area (OLA) on lying down and rising up movement, collisions, lying outside lying areas, and lying postures, +/− = significantly higher/lower (p < 0.05)
| Country | System (a) | Time (b) | Group comparison | Variable | Analysis (c) | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT | Tie‐stall | Spring–winter (before, during and after grazing) | Summer pasture (vs. zero‐grazing) | Lying down movement (s) | UA | ns | Corazzin et al. (2010) |
| Rising up movement (s) | UA | ↓ (e) , (d) | |||||
| Abnormal lying down movement (%) | UA | ns | |||||
| Abnormal rising up movement (%) | UA | (↑) (f) , (e) | |||||
| Rising up attempts | UA | ns | |||||
| RO | Tie‐stall | Winter | Outdoor access (vs. all‐year tethered) | Lying down movement (s) | UA | ↓ | Popescu et al. (2013) |
| Lying outside stall (%) | UA | ↓ | |||||
| Collisions while lying down (%) | UA | ↓ | |||||
| DE | Cubicle | Winter | Summer pasture (d) , (f) (vs. zero‐grazing) | Lying down movement (s) | MA | ns |
Gieseke et al. (2020) |
| Lying outside cubicle (%) | MA | ns | |||||
| Collisions while lying down (%) | MA | ns | |||||
| NL | Cubicle | September to February | Summer pasture (vs. winter barn) | Short lying position (%) | MA | ↓ | van Erp‐van der Kooij et al. (2019) |
| Wide lying position (%) | MA | ↑ | |||||
| Long lying position (%) | MA | ns | |||||
| Narrow lying position (%) | MA | ns | |||||
| AT | Various | Winter | Access to OLA (d/wk) | Break/resting on carpus while rising up (%) | MA | ns | Schenkenfelder and Winckler (2021) |
| Abnormal rising/ severe difficulty (%) | MA | ns | |||||
| Access to summer pasture (d/yr) | Break/resting on carpus while rising up (%) | MA | ns | ||||
| Abnormal rising/ severe difficulty (%) | MA | ns |
(↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1); ns = not significant.
Housing systems or husbandry practices used on the investigated farms.
Period of data collection.
Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered), UA = univariable analysis.
Rising up movement was shorter after pasture and by tendency during pasture compared to before pasture.
h/day and days/year.
By tendency less abnormal rising up in zero‐grazing herds, which might be explained by improved stall characteristics on these farms.