. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table F.2.

Effects of access to pasture or outdoor loafing area (OLA) on social behaviour

Country	System ^(a)	Time ^(b)	Group comparison	Variable	Analysis ^(c)	Effect	Reference
RO	Tie‐stall	Winter	Outdoor access (vs. all‐year tethered)	Displacements (number/cow*h)	UA	↓	Popescu et al. (2013)
RO	Tie‐stall	Winter	Outdoor access (vs. all‐year tethered)	Head butts (number/cow*h)	UA	↑	Popescu et al. (2013)
IRL	Cubicle	Summer	Overnight pasture (vs. Zero‐grazing)	Lying synchrony (k_f)	MA	↑	Crump et al. (2019)
USA	Cubicle	August–november	All‐day pasture (vs. Zero‐grazing)	Displacements at feed place (number/cow*2 h)	MA	↓	Black and Krawczel (2016)
FR	Cubicle	Winter, summer	Summer pasture (vs. Winter barn)	Social interactions^(d) (% time)	MA	ns	Shepley et al. (2020a)
FR	Straw yard	Winter, summer	Summer pasture (vs. Winter barn)	Social interactions^(d) (% time)	MA	↓	Shepley et al. (2020a)

↑/↓ = significantly higher/lower (p < 0.05), ns = not significant (p ≥ 0.05).

^(a)

Housing systems or husbandry practices used on the investigated farms.

^(b)

Period of data collection.

^(c)

Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered), UA = univariable analysis.

^(d)

Affiliative and agonistic interactions.