Table G.3.
Management‐related hazards associated with different variables of self‐grooming
| Hazards | Variable | Effect | Analysis(a) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herd size | Self‐licking and scratching (events/33 h), after integration into dairy herd | ns | MA | Wagner et al. (2012) |
| Self‐licking and scratching (% time), after integration into dairy herd | ns | |||
| Permanent mother/herd contact (vs. no herd contact) | Self‐licking and scratching (events/33 h), after integration into dairy herd | ↑ | MA | Wagner et al. (2012) |
| Mother contact (permanent or 2‐times/d) (b) (vs. feeding automat, 2 or 6‐times/d) (b) | Self‐licking and scratching (% time), after integration into dairy herd | ns | ||
| Mother contact 2‐times/day (vs. feeding automat, 2 and 6 times/day) (b) | Self‐licking and scratching (events/33 h), after integration into dairy herd | (↑) | ||
| After calving with calf (open‐bedded) (vs. before calving (cubicle)) | Self‐licking (min/h) | ns | MA | Newby et al. (2013) |
| Scratching and rubbing on objects (min/h) | ↓ | |||
| After removal of calf (open‐bedded) (vs. before calving (cubicle)) | Self‐licking (min/h) | ↑ | ||
| Scratching and rubbing on objects (min/h) | ↓ | |||
| Regrouped individually (vs. regrouped as a pair) | Self‐licking (min/h), immediately after integration into lactating herd3 | ns | MA | Mazer et al. (2020) |
| Integration time into lactating group | Self‐licking and rubbing on objects (s/h) | ns | MA | Fukasawa and Tsukada (2010) |
| Floor cleaning | Self‐licking and rubbing on objects (s/h) | ns | MA | Fukasawa and Tsukada (2010) |
| Fresh food every 2 days (vs. daily feeding) | Self‐licking and rubbing on objects (events/days) | ↑ | UA | Phillips and Rind (2001a) |
| 4 feedings/days and 1 feeding/days, housed together (vs. 1 feeding/days, housed apart from cows fed 4 times/days) | Self‐licking and rubbing on objects (events/d) | ↓ | UA |
↑/↓ = significant increase/decrease (p < 0.05); (↑)/(↓) = by tendency higher/lower (p < 0.1); ns = not significant. The colour of the sign (red or green) indicates whether the effect is considered positive from an animal welfare perspective (green) or negative (red). Arrows in black reflect an unclear interpretation of the effect from a welfare perspective.
(a)
UA = univariable, MA = multivariable.
(b)
Systems the test animals had been reared in during the first twelve weeks of life.