. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table I.16.

Association between herd size and cow cleanliness; ↑/↓ = higher/lower (p < 0.05), ns = not significant

Country	System	n ^(a)	Herd size, ø (range)	Variable	Analysis ^(b)	Effect	Reference
NO	Cubicle	232	38.6 (17.6–103.1)	Dirty hindquarter	MA	ns	Ruud et al. (2010)
DE	Cubicle	80	383 (45–1629)	Dirty hindquarter	MA	ns	Gieseke et al. (2018)
DE	Cubicle	80	383 (45–1629)	Dirty lower hind legs	MA	↓	Gieseke et al. (2018)
DK	Cubicle	42	153 (49–453)	Dirty lower hind legs	MA	ns	Nielsen et al. (2011)

^(a)

Number of farms.

^(b)

Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered).