. 2023 May 16;21(5):e07993. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Table I.17.

Association between herd size and social behaviour; + = positive (p < 0.05), − = negative (p < 0.05), ns = not significant

Country	System	n ^(a)	Herd size, ø (range)	Variable	Analysis ^(b)	Effect	Reference
NL	Cubicle	179	(22–211)	Displacements ^(c)	MA	–	de Vries et al. (2015)
DE	Cubicle	80	383 (45–1,629)	Displacements ^(c)	MA	–	Gieseke et al. (2018)
DE	Cubicle	80	383 (45–1,629)	Head butts ^(c)	MA	ns	Gieseke et al. (2018)

^(a)

Number of farms.

^(b)

Statistical analysis: MA = multivariable analysis (in the case of univariable pre‐selection of factors only effects of the final models were considered).

^(c)

ø number per cow*h.