Table 2.
Univariate Poisson Regressions Examining Demographic Characteristics and Doctor-Patient Communication Modalities during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
| Doctor-Patient Communication
Modalities Reported During the COVID-19 Pandemic (all Comparisons: “No”) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emails (n = 631) | Video Calls (n = 585) | Phone Calls (n = 1960) | In-Person (n = 1814) | |||||||||
| 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||||||||
| PR | Lower | Upper | PR | Lower | Upper | PR | Lower | Upper | PR | Lower | Upper | |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 65–69 | Reference | |||||||||||
| 70–74 | 0.87 | [0.51 | 1.47] | 1.09 | [0.56 | 2.13] | 0.99 | [0.67 | 1.45] | 1.42 | [0.86 | 2.33] |
| 75–79 | 0.74 | [0.44 | 1.24] | 0.97 | [0.50 | 1.90] | 1.01 | [0.69 | 1.48] | 1.44 | [0.87 | 2.36] |
| 80–84 | 0.53 | [0.31 | 0.90] | 0.76 | [0.39 | 1.50] | 1.02 | [0.69 | 1.50] | 1.51 | [0.92 | 2.49] |
| 85–89 | 0.44 | [0.25 | 0.77] | 0.75 | [0.38 | 1.50] | 1.00 | [0.67 | 1.48] | 1.46 | [0.88 | 2.42] |
| 90+ | 0.25 | [0.13 | 0.48] | 0.74 | [0.36 | 1.52] | 0.89 | [0.59 | 1.34] | 1.48 | [0.89 | 2.47] |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married/living w/partner | Reference | |||||||||||
| Separated | 0.63 | [0.28 | 1.42] | 0.87 | [0.41 | 1.84] | 1.11 | [0.76 | 1.62] | 1.06 | [0.77 | 1.45] |
| Divorced | 0.87 | [0.68 | 1.11] | 0.91 | [0.71 | 1.18] | 0.99 | [0.86 | 1.14] | 0.82 | [0.52 | 1.31] |
| Widowed | 0.53 | [0.44 | 0.65] | 0.70 | [0.58 | 0.85] | 0.96 | [0.87 | 1.06] | 0.93 | [0.80 | 1.08] |
| Never married | 0.68 | [0.42 | 1.11] | 0.81 | [0.50 | 1.32] | 0.87 | [0.66 | 1.14] | 0.97 | [0.87 | 1.07] |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | Reference | |||||||||||
| Female | 0.79 | [0.67 | 0.92] | 1.04 | [0.88 | 1.22] | 0.95 | [0.87 | 1.03] | 0.91 | [0.83 | 1.00] |
| Health conditions | ||||||||||||
| Heart attack | 0.69 | [0.33 | 1.45] | 0.68 | [0.30 | 1.52] | 1.19 | [0.88 | 1.62] | 1.14 | [0.82 | 1.59] |
| Heart disease | 1.03 | [0.86 | 1.23] | 1.28 | [1.07 | 1.53] | 1.03 | [0.94 | 1.15] | 1.13 | [1.02 | 1.25] |
| Hypertension | 1.00 | [0.84 | 1.20] | 1.15 | [0.95 | 1.39] | 1.07 | [0.97 | 1.19] | 1.07 | [0.96 | 1.19] |
| Arthritis | 1.02 | [0.86 | 1.22] | 1.25 | [1.04 | 1.52] | 1.10 | [0.99 | 1.22] | 1.08 | [0.97 | 1.20] |
| Diabetes | 0.90 | [0.76 | 1.08] | 1.04 | [0.87 | 1.25] | 1.09 | [0.99 | 1.20] | 1.06 | [0.96 | 1.18] |
| Lung disease | 1.14 | [0.95 | 1.37] | 1.12 | [0.92 | 1.35] | 1.05 | [0.95 | 1.16] | 1.05 | [0.94 | 1.18] |
| Stroke | 0.99 | [0.56 | 1.75] | 0.89 | [0.48 | 1.67] | 1.07 | [0.79 | 1.45] | 1.03 | [0.75 | 1.43] |
| Alzheimer’s/Dementia | 0.62 | [0.42 | 0.91] | 0.96 | [0.68 | 1.34] | 0.75 | [0.61 | 0.92] | 1.04 | [0.87 | 1.26] |
| Cancer | 1.08 | [0.80 | 1.46] | 1.28 | [0.96 | 1.72] | 0.99 | [0.82 | 1.19] | 1.13 | [0.94 | 1.35] |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White/Non-Hispanic | Reference | |||||||||||
| Black/Non-Hispanic | 0.86 | [0.67 | 1.09] | 1.19 | [0.95 | 1.48] | 1.19 | [1.06 | 1.34] | 1.01 | [0.89 | 1.15] |
| Other | 1.08 | [0.64 | 1.84] | 1.20 | [0.69 | 2.08] | 1.18 | [0.87 | 1.60] | 0.94 | [0.66 | 1.33] |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.89 | [0.58 | 1.36] | 1.44 | [1.00 | 2.07] | 1.25 | [1.01 | 1.54] | 0.98 | [0.77 | 1.24] |
| Living arrangement | ||||||||||||
| Living with spouse, partner, or other(s) | Reference | |||||||||||
| Alone | 0.72 | [0.61 | 0.86] | 0.76 | [0.63 | 0.91] | 0.95 | [0.86 | 1.04] | 0.96 | [0.87 | 1.06] |
| Pre-Covid mental health status | ||||||||||||
| PHQ-2 | 0.61 | [0.43 | 0.85] | 1.17 | [0.90 | 1.53] | 0.99 | [0.85 | 1.16] | 1.02 | [0.87 | 1.19] |
| GAD-2 | 0.75 | [0.54 | 1.04] | 1.24 | [0.94 | 1.64] | 1.01 | [0.86 | 1.19] | 1.02 | [0.86 | 1.21] |
Notes. Bold indicates significance at the p < 0.05 level. PR is an abbreviation for prevalence ratio. PHQ-2 and GAD-2 were measured in 2019, the survey wave prior to COVID-19. PHQ-2 and GAD-2 responses were scored so that the sum total of responses to the two questions for each scale of 2 or less indicated no mental health concerns, and 3 or higher indicated a concern on either scale.