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. 2023 May 1;25:e43678. doi: 10.2196/43678

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©Arkers Kwan Ching Wong, Jonathan Bayuo, Frances Kam Yuet Wong, Karen Kit Sum Chow, Siu Man Wong, Avis Cheuk Ki Lau. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 01.05.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Depression score of all 5 groups over time. GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; mHealth: mobile health; mHealth+I: mobile health with interactivity.