Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the participants (N=221).

		Totala			Mobile health (mHealth) with interactivity (mHealth+I) groupb (n=74)			mHealth groupc (n=71)			Control groupd (n=76)			P value
		Count, n	Table valid N %	Count		Column valid N %	Count		Column valid N %	Count		Column valid N %
Gender															.58
	Male	36	16.3	14		18.9	9		12.7	13		17.1
	Female	185	83.7	60		81.1	62		87.3	63		82.9
Education level															.52
	No formal education	50	22.6	16		21.6	20		28.2	14		18.4
	Primary	96	43.4	32		43.2	29		40.8	35		46.1
	Secondary	69	31.2	25		33.8	19		26.8	25		32.9
	Tertiary or above	6	2.7	1		1.40	3		4.20	2		2.60
Financial status															.45
	More than adequate	39	17.60	11		14.90	12		16.90	16		21.10
	Adequate	167	75.60	55		74.30	56		78.90	56		73.70
	Inadequate	15	6.80	8		10.80	3		4.20	4		5.30
	Very inadequate	0	0.00	0		0.00	0		0.00	0		0.00
Income: wage															.60
	No	219	99.10	74		100.00	70		98.60	75		98.70
	Yes	2	0.90	0		0.00	1		1.40	1		1.30
Income: family															.34
	No	101	45.70	38		51.40	33		46.50	30		39.50
	Yes	120	54.30	36		48.60	38		53.50	46		60.50
Income: savings															.35
	No	152	68.80	47		63.50	53		74.60	52		68.40
	Yes	69	31.20	27		36.50	18		25.40	24		31.60
Income: retirement pension															.22
	No	212	95.90	73		98.60	66		93.00	73		96.10
	Yes	9	4.10	1		1.40	5		7.00	3		3.90
Income: CSSAe															.61
	No	198	90.00	66		89.20	65		92.90	67		88.20
	Yes	22	10.00	8		10.80	5		7.10	9		11.80
Income: old age living allowance															.14
	No	153	69.20	47		63.50	47		66.20	59		77.60
	Yes	68	30.80	27		36.50	24		33.80	17		22.40
Income: normal disability allowance															.17
	No	217	98.20	71		95.90	71		100.00	75		98.70
	Yes	4	1.80	3		4.10	0		0.00	1		1.30
Income: higher disability allowance															N/Af
	No	221	100.00	74		100.00	71		100.00	76		100.00
	Yes	0	0.00	0		0.00	0		0.00	0		0.00

^aMean age 76.56 (SD 7.96, median 76, range 60-98) years (P=.08).

^bMean age 74.69 (SD 7.57, median 73.5, range 60-98) years.

^cMean age 77.63 (SD 7.84, median 78.0, range 60-91) years.

^dMean age 77.38 (SD 8.21, median 77.50, range 63-95) years.

^eCSSA: Comprehensive Social Security Assistance.

^fNA: not applicable.