Table 1.
Summary of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Publication year | First author | Survey period | Study design | Province | Inside or outside the economic circles | Coastal or inland region | Source of sample | Sample size | Male/female | Mean age (years) | Mean illness duration (years) | Outcomes | Reporting timeframe of prevalence | Diagnosis Criteria of schizophrenia | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Huang Y.Y et al. | 2019.2–2019.9 | Cross-sectional | Guangdong | inside | coastal | inpatients | 426 | 280/146 | 55.34 | NR | Self-harm | Lifetime | DSM-IV | 6 |
| 2020 | Hui L et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | inpatients | 731 | 615/116 | NR | >22.75 | Self-harm | lifetime | DSM-4 | 6 |
| 2020 | Miller B.J et al. | 2018.5–2018.12 | Cross-sectional | Anhui | mixed | inland | inpatients | 328 | 196/132 | 45.1 | 19.1 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:2 weeks | ICD-10 | 5 |
| 2020 | Yin Y et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | inpatients | 159 | 76/83 | 27.1 | NR | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime | DSM-4 | 6 |
| 2020 | Dai Q.L et al. | 2006.12–2008.12 | Cross-sectional | Beijing/Hebei | inside | mixed | inpatients | 908 | 742/166 | 47.8 | 24.3 | Self-harm | lifetime | DSM-4 | 6 |
| 2020 | Wang W.J et al. | 2019.1–2019.4 | Cross-sectional | Hubei/Guangdong | mixed | mixed | inpatients | 627 | 395/232 | 47.72 | 22.0 | Self-harm | lifetime | DSM-4 | 6 |
| 2019 | Zhong Y. et al. | 2018.5–2018.12 | Cross-sectional | Anhui | mixed | inland | inpatients | 315 | 190/125 | 45.1 | 19.0 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime, current | ICD-10 | 6 |
| 2019 | Chang Q.S et al. | 2014.1.1–2018.10.31 | Cross-sectional | Guangdong | inside | coastal | inpatients | 263 | 60/203 | 65.12 | 18.3 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:1 month | ICD-10 | 6 |
| 2019 | Yue S.P et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Sichuan | outside | inland | outpatients | 358 | 189/169 | NR | <14.93 | Self-harm | Lifetime | ICD-10 | 5 |
| 2016 | Cui Y.X | 2015.1–2016.1 | Cross-sectional | Shandong | outside | coastal | inpatients | 100 | 51/49 | 36.1 | NR | Self-harm | hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| 2015 | Tang X. et al. | 2005.8.1–2014.12.31 | Cross-sectional | Yunnan | outside | inland | outpatients | 121,529 | 70,755/50774 | NR | NR | Suicide | NA | ICD-10 | 5 |
| 2015 | Zheng W. et al. | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | inpatients | 94 | 48/46 | 37.2 | 10.8 | Ideation | Lifetime | DSM-4 | 5 |
| 2014 | Cui J.Y et al. | 2003.1–2003.3 | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | inpatients | 341 | 238/103 | 49.3 | 24.7 | Self-harm | Lifetime | DSM-4 | 5 |
| 2014 | Xia Y.X et al. | 2010.1–2013.6 | Cross-sectional | Jiangsu | inside | coastal | inpatients | 48 | 35/13 | 35.12 | 24.8 | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2014 | Qu X.L et al. | 2010.8–2012.11 | Cross-sectional | Xinjiang | outside | inland | inpatients | 228 | 148/80 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| 2013 | Zhang X.Y et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | inpatients | 520 | 346/174 | 49.4 | 24.8 | Self-harm | Lifetime | DSM-4 | 6 |
| 2013 | Yan F. et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Beijing | inside | inland | outpatients | 540 | 267/273 | 42.8 | 17.1 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:current | DSM-4/ ICD-10 | 7 |
| 2013 | Zhang J.L et al. | 2011.10.01–2012.03.31 | Cross-sectional | Guangdong | outside | coastal | inpatients | 426 | 264/162 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Lifetime | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| 2012 | Kao Y.C et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Taiwan | NA | coastal | outpatients | 102 | 50/52 | 39.47 | 16.2 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:current | DSM-4 | 5 |
| 2012 | Huang L.H | 2011.01–2011.12 | Cross-sectional | Jiangsu | inside | coastal | inpatients | 142 | 142/0 | 29.12 | NR | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2012 | Yan H.F et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Liaoning | outside | coastal | outpatients | 210 | 82/128 | 38.45 | 15.5 | Ideation | Lifetime | DSM-4 | 1 |
| 2009 | Lui S. Y | 2002.7–2006.6 | Cohort | Hong Kong | NA | coastal | outpatients | 234 | 130/104 | 21.9 | NR | Self-harm, suicide | Lifetime | ICD-10 | 4 |
| 2009 | Wen L. et al. | 1994.8–2006.5 | Cross-sectional | Henan | outside | inland | inpatients | 56 | 29/27 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2008 | Xiang Y.T et al. | 2005.1–2006.6 | Cross-sectional | Hong Kong | NA | coastal | outpatients | 255 | 122/133 | 42.33 | NR | Self-harm | lifetime | DSM-IV | 8 |
| 2008 | Yu J.H et al. | 1998.1–2007.12 | Cross-sectional | Jiangxi | outside | inland | inpatients | 3,460 | NR | 37.2 | NR | Suicide | NA | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| 2007 | Ran M.S. et al. | 1994–2004 | Cohort | Sichuan | outside | inland | outpatients | 500 | 233/267 | 44.7 | 12.5 | Suicide | NA | ICD-10 | 5 |
| 2006 | Wu B.B et al. | 2003.6–2004.9 | Cross-sectional | Shanghai | inside | coastal | inpatients | 96 | 39/57 | NR | NR | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2005 | Feng Y.P et al. | 2003 | Cross-sectional | Jiangsu | inside | coastal | inpatients | 258 | 169/89 | 21.9 | 8.7 | Ideation | Lifetime | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| 2004 | Ran M.S. et al. | 2002.5.1–2002.8.20 | Cross-sectional | Sichuan | outside | inland | inpatients | 145 | 74/71 | 32.2 | 6.6 | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime | DSM-4 | 5 |
| 2004 | Tang Q.F et al. | 2003.12 | Cross-sectional | Jiangsu | inside | coastal | inpatients | 210 | 135/75 | NR | 5.7 | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2004 | Qian J. et al. | 2002.1–2003.3 | Cross-sectional | Yunnan | outside | inland | inpatients | 84 | 62/22 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 1 |
| 2003 | Ran M.S. et al. | 1994–1996 | Cross-sectional | Sichuan | outside | inland | outpatients | 510 | 239/271 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Lifetime | ICD-10 | 5 |
| 2003 | Li H.L et al. | 1970.9–2002 | Cross-sectional | Fujian | outside | coastal | inpatients | 386 | 303/83 | 42.4 | NR | Self-harm, suicide | Hospitalization | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| 2002 | Wu D.M | 2000.1–2002.1 | Cross-sectional | Henan | outside | inland | inpatients | 532 | 281/251 | NR | NR | Self-harm | hospitalization | CCMD-2-R | 5 |
| 2002 | Zhang H.S et al. | 1999.12.1–2000.2.28 | Cross-sectional | Hubei | outside | inland | inpatients | 177 | 107/70 | 32.36 | NR | Self-harm, ideation | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime | CCMD-2-R | 2 |
| 2000 | Deng Z.H et al. | NR | Cross-sectional | Jiangsu | inside | coastal | inpatients | 60 | 30/30 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Lifetime | CCMD-2-R | 1 |
| 2000 | Hu F.S et al. | 1997.8–1999.8 | Cross-sectional | Shandong | outside | coastal | inpatients | 73 | NR | NR | NR | Ideation | Lifetime | CCMD-2-R | 1 |
| 1998 | Wang C.M et al. | 1994.5–1997.4 | Cross-sectional | Zhejiang | outside | coastal | inpatients | 387 | 196/191 | NR | NR | Self-harm | Lifetime | CCMD-2 | 2 |
| 1996 | Liu X.W et al. | 1988–1992 | Cross-sectional | Heilongjiang | outside | inland | inpatients | 831 | NR | NR | NR | Self-harm | Hospitalization | CCMD-2 | 1 |
| 1996 | Wang P. | 1970–1987 | Cross-sectional | Anhui | outside | inland | inpatients | 3,605 | 2114/1491 | NR | NR | Self-harm, ideation, suicide | SH:lifetime SI:lifetime | CCMD-2 | 1 |
NR, not reported; mixed, study conducted in mixed areas; NA, not applicable; SH, self-harm; SI, suicide ideation.