Table 1.
Demographic and cognitive characteristics of the study participants by tertiles of leisure activity frequency
| Variables | Overall sample (N = 234) |
Total LA frequency, lower tertile (N = 75) |
Total LA frequency, middle tertile (N = 80) |
Total LA frequency, higher tertile (N = 79) |
p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) [range 21–80 YO] | 53.8 (16.8) | 52.1 (17.5) | 51.6 (16.4) | 57.5 (16.2) | .04* |
| Age Groups | |||||
| Young (21–39 YO) N (%) | 59 (25.2%) | 22 (37.3%) | 22 (37.3%) | 15 (25.4%) | .28 |
| Middle Age (40–59 YO) N (%) | 53 (22.6%) | 17 (32.1%) | 21 (39.6%) | 15 (28.3%) | |
| Older (60–80 YO) N (%) | 122 (52.1%) | 36 (29.5%) | 37 (30.3%) | 49 (40.2%) | |
| Female N (%) | 132 (56.4 %) | 38 (50.7 %) | 44 (55.0%) | 50 (63.3 %) | .27 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White N (%) | 145 (62.2%) | 46 (31.7%) | 46 (31.7%) | 53 (36.6%) | .85 |
| African American N (%) | 58 (24.9%) | 19 (32.8%) | 23 (39.7%) | 16 (27.6%) | |
| Asian N (%) | 9 (3.9%) | 2 (22.2%) | 3 (33.3%) | 4 (44.4%) | |
| Hispanics N (%) | 28 (12.0%) | 7 (25.0%) | 14 (50.0%) | 7 (25.0%) | .17 |
| Education (years), mean (SD) | 16.3 (2.3) | 15.8 (2.3) | 16.5 (2.5) | 16.6 (2.2) | .05 |
| AMNART IQ, mean (SD) | 117.7 (8.0) | 116.6 (7.3) | 117.2 (8.6) | 119.3 (7.9) | .09 |
| Annual Family Income < $75.000 N (%)b | 111 (53.4%) | 33 (53.2%) | 41 (54.7%) | 37 (52.1%) | .23 |
| Reasoning BL score, mean (SD) [range −1.6, 1.7] | .001 (0.7) | .004 (0.7) | .041 (0.7) | −.042 (0.7) | .36 |
| Speed BL score, mean (SD) [range −1.7, 2.1] | .012 (0.7) | .067 (0.7) | .052 (0.7) | −.080 (0.6) | .77 |
| Memory BL score, mean (SD) [range −2.2, 1.7] | .017 (0.8) | .059 (0.8) | .039 (0.8) | −.044 (0.8) | .72 |
| Vocabulary BL score, mean (SD) [range −2.3, 1.0] | .001 (0.7) | −.116 (0.7) | −.014 (0.8) | .128 (0.7) | .13 |
| Reasoning CH score, mean (SD) [range −1.1, 0.1] | −.150 (0.1) | −.164 (0.1) | −.142 (0.1) | −.143 (0.1) | .54 |
| Speed CH score, mean (SD) [range −1.2, 0.4] | −.178 (0.1) | −.195 (0.2) | −.177 (0.1) | −.164 (0.1) | .57 |
| Memory CH score, mean (SD) [range −2.5, 1.4] | −.126 (0.6) | −.193 (0.7) | −.144 (0.7) | −.045 (0.5) | .37 |
| Vocabulary CH score, mean (SD) [range −1.3, 0.6] | .065 (0.1) | .053 (0.2) | .082 (0.1) | .059 (0.1) | .58 |
| Frequency of LA, mean (SD) [range 8.4, 32] | 19.7 (4.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Intellectual LA, mean (SD) [range 2, 11.7] | 6.6 (1.9) | – | – | – | – |
| Social LA, mean (SD) [range 1, 12] | 6.3 (2.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Physical LA, mean (SD) [range 0, 6] | 3.2 (1.1) | – | – | – | – |
BL: baseline; CH: change (follow-up minus baseline); LA: leisure activity; SD: standard deviation; YO: years old.
a
p values from ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared for categorical variables.
b
Missing data for 26 participants.
*
p-values <.05.