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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Nov 11;29(6):529–540. doi: 10.1017/S1355617722000510

Table 2.

Association between leisure activity frequency at baseline and cognitive change

Reasoning change
(N = 234)		 Speed change (N = 234) Memory change
(N = 234)		 Vocabulary change
(N = 234)
R2 = .21; f2 = .26;
F(2231) = 32.357a 		R2 = .17; f2 = .20;
F(2231) = 24.874a 		R2 = .02; f2 = .02;
F(2231) = 2.512b 		R2 = .14; f2 = .16;
F(2231) = 19.249a
Model 1 ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value
Age −.460 <.001* −.409 <.001* −.103 .11 −.373 <.001*
Baseline LA .176 .003 * .173 .004 * .119 .07 .103 .09
Reasoning change
(N = 208)		 Speed change (N = 208) Memory change
(N = 208)		 Vocabulary change
(N = 208)
R2 = .24; f2 = .31;
F(6201) = 10.993a 		R2 = .19; f2 = .23;
F(6201) = 8.249a 		R2 = .12; f2 = .13;
F(6201) = 4.810b 		R2 = .16; f2 = .19;
F(6201) = 6.575a
Model 2 ß p-value p-value p-value ß p-value
Age −.423 <.001* −.359 <.001* −.255 .001* −.348 <.001*
Gender −.023 .70 −.044 .49 −.066 .32 −.027 .68
Education .125 .08 .135 .04* .090 .21 −.028 .70
family income .065 .30 .073 .26 −.005 .94 −.008 .90
Baseline performance .073 .35 .059 .47 −.363 <.001* −.130 .07
Baseline LA .195 .002 * .190 .004 * .132 .05* .152 .02 *

LA: leisure activity; ß: standardized regression coefficient; gender: F= 0, M = 1; family income: <75.000 = 0. >75.000 = 1; didn’t know = 2 (10 participants). Results in each model that survived Bonferroni correction are highlighted in bold.

a

p < .0001.

b

Non-significant model.

*

p-values ≤ .05.