Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Nov 11;29(6):529–540. doi: 10.1017/S1355617722000510

Table 3.

Association between categories of leisure activity frequency at baseline and cognitive change

Reasoning change
(N = 208)		 Speed change
(N = 208)		 Memory change
(N = 208)		 Vocabulary change
(N = 208)
R2 = .22; f2 = .28;
F(6201) = 9.942a 		R2 = .17; f2 = .20;
F(6201) = 7.292a 		R2 = .12; f2 = .13;
F(6201) = 4.980a 		R2 = .15; f2 = .17;
F(6201) = 6.020a
Variables ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value
Age −.415 <.001 −.351 <.001 −.257 <.001 −.334 <.001
Gender −.026 .68 −.048 .45 −.066 .32 −.029 .65
Education .135 .06 .141 .03 .087 .22 −.022 .76
Family income .070 .27 .076 .25 .005 .94 .010 .88
Baseline performance .055 .49 .046 .59 −383 <.001 −.135 .07
Intellect LA .139 .03* .128 .05 .147 .03* .104 .12
Reasoning change
(N = 208)		 Speed change
(N = 208)		 Memory change
(N = 208)		 Vocabulary change
(N = 208)
R2 = .23; f2 = .29;
F(6201) = 10.122a 		R2 = .18; f2 = .21;
F(6201) = 7.519a 		R2 = .11; f2 = .12;
F(6201) = 4.317a 		R2 = .15; f2 = .17;
F(6201) = 6.298a
Variables ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value
Age −.401 <.001* −.339 <.001* −.244 .002* −.346 <.001*
Gender −.034 .58 −.053 .41 −.073 .27 −.037 .57
Education .120 .09 .138 .04* .098 .18 −.033 .65
Family income .052 .41 .062 .34 −.012 .86 −.000 .99
Baseline performance .098 .22 .078 .35 −.362 <.001* −.112 .12
Social LA .149 .02* .145 .02* .074 .28 .129 .05*
Reasoning change
(N = 208)		 Speed change
(N = 208)		 Memory change
(N = 208)		 Vocabulary change
(N = 208)
R2 = .21; f2 = .26;
F(6201) = 9,196a 		R2 = .16; f2 = .19;
F(6201) = 6.695a 		R2 = .11; f2 = .12;
F(6201) = 4.220b 		R2 = .14; f2 = .16;
F(6201) = 5.609a
Variables ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value ß p-value
Age −.395 <.001* −.333 <.001* −.239 .002* −.327 <.001*
Gender −.040 .52 −.060 .36 −.078 .24 −.040 .54
Education .152 .03* .163 .01* .110 .12 −.008 .91
Family income .049 .45 .058 .38 −.015 .82 −.004 .94
Baseline performance .074 .36 .059 .48 −.370 <.001* −.123 .106
Physical LA .067 .29 .056 .38 .053 .42 .031 .64

LA: leisure activity; ß: standardized regression coefficient; gender: F = 0, M = 1; family income: <75.000 = 0. >75.000= 1; didn’t know = 2 (10 participants).

a

p < .0001.

b

p = .001.

*

p-values ≤ .05.