. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 10.

Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Nov 11;29(6):529–540. doi: 10.1017/S1355617722000510

Table 4.

Gender moderation of the association between leisure activity and cognitive change

	Reasoning change (N = 208)		Speed change (N = 208)		Memory change (N = 208)		Vocabulary change (N = 208)
	R2 = .25; f² = .33; F(7200) = 10.397^a		R2 = .21; f² = .26; F(7200) = 7.887^a		R2 = .12; f² = .13; F(7200) = 4.136^a		R2 = .16; f² = .19; F(7200) = 6.060^a
Model 3	ß	p-value	ß	p-value	ß	p-value	ß	p-value
Age	−.419	<.001	−.358	<.001	−.254	.001^*	−.350	<.001^*
Gender	−.681	.02^*	−.684	.02^*	−.207	0.51	−.515	0.09
Education	0.134	0.05	0.148	.02^*	0.092	0.2	−.017	0.81
Family income	0.058	0.35	0.067	0.3	−.006	0.93	0.004	0.95
Baseline performance	0.084	0.28	0.065	0.42	−.360	<.001^*	−.131	0.07
Baseline LA	0.058	0.59	0.056	0.52	0.103	0.27	0.05	0.58
Baseline LA × gender	0.679	.02^*	0.661	.03^*	0.146	0.64	0.504	0.105

LA: leisure activity; ß: standardized regression coefficient; gender: F = 0, M = 1; family income: <75.000 = 0. >75.000 = 1; didn’t know = 2 (10 participants).

p < 0.0001.

p-values ≤ .05.