Table 1.

Amshel & Caruso's article misattributing burns to coining; their references, and subsequent citations, Journals and their implications.

Citing Authors/year	Language citing Amshel and Caruso burns from coining.	Implications	Journal
Rampini et al. 2002	Pg. 45 ‘Known complications of this procedure are burns after application heated oil and cerebral hemorrhage’.	Erroneously cite Amshel & Caruso for burns from heated oil, authors also refer to but fail to cite Ponder's article where association with brain bleed is unproven. Camphor poisoning was from the product and not from coining.	JAMA
D'Allesandro & D'Allesandro 2005	Differential diagnoses of child abuse includes…bruising and burns from cupping or coin rubbing.	Authors do not promote or refute cupping or coining as abuse.	https://pediatriceducation.org/2005/06/06/what-are-some-of-the-presentations-for-child-abuse-and-neglect/
Swerdlin et al. 2007	Pg 381. There have been a few reported cases of serious complications from coining that required skin grafts when the oil on the skin caught fire.	Swerdin et al. embellish Amshel and Caruso now as ‘a few reported cases’…then writing ‘most of the complications have been minor burns.’ Without any citation or support.	J Am Acad Dermatol.
Nielsen 2009	Pg 66: A burn case reportedly caused by coining, cao gio (Gua sha) was in fact related to fire cupping (Amshel and Caruso, 2000). And yet burns continue to be erroneously cited as a risk of (coining).	Burns identified as negligent cupping.	J Bodyw Mov Ther
Ravanfar & Dinulos 2010	Pg 424: The use of these heated lubricants has been associated with burns (Amshel)	Authors use descriptions from sources they fail to cite.	Curr Opin Pediatr
Tan et al. 2011	Pg 98: ‘Coining is perceived to be safe despite reports of serious complication associated with the technique.’	Tan et al. call for change in perception of traditional forms of treatment.	Malaysian Fam Phys
Lilly & Kundu 2012	Pg. 373 There has only been one case of a more severe adverse effect when the oiled skin on which coining is performed caught fire.	Pg 372 Authors also erroneously state cupping causes circular burns as a matter of course. Pg 373 Authors mis-state fire risk of oiled skin.	Int J Dermatol.
George et al. 2016	Pg 145: ‘Minor superficial burns are a commonly reported adverse effect of coining. There have been scattered case reports of more serious complications…include full thickness skin burns necessitating skin grafting (Amshel), cerebellar hemorrhage thought to be mediated by the pain-activated sympathetic response to coining (Ponder) and altered mental status as a result of the systemic absorption of camphor (an ingredient commonly found in balms and oils)’ (Rampini)	Authors state: The true incidence of these more serious implications is unknown and likely underreported. Authors erroneously cite Amshel & Caruso for burns from heated oil; authors cite Ponder's article where association with brain bleed is unproven. Camphor poisoning was from the product and not from coining.	Skinmed
Vashi et al. 2018	Pg 11: among complications cited are minor burns and one burn requiring grafting (Amshel).	Cite Swerdin et al. re multiple cases of minor burns not supported in either paper.	J Am Acad Dermatol.
Darsha & Cohen 2020	Pg 6 of 7: Authors cite 4 articles reporting ‘burns’ of partial or full thickness.Nielsen et al. 2007 which refutes the association of burns with coining.Vashi et al. 2018 which cites Amshel and Swerdin et al. 2007. Amshel & Caruso (original case). Thyssen et al. 2013 which does not mention coining or burns at all.	Authors expand on the single case by Amshel & Caruso by citing 3 other articles. One refutes association of burns with coining, one cites Amshel & Caruso and the third does not mention burns or coining at all. This is redundant and spurious citations.	Cureus