Table 2.
Specific photothermal agents added to the 3D-printed bioceramic scaffold.
| Materials | Photothermal agents | Effect | Production methods | Coating methods | Pore size and porosity | Mechanical strength | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic materials | |||||||
| Ca7Si2P2O16 | PDA (organic materials) | Photothermal therapy (80%–99% mortality rate, over 50°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (∼0.38 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (the new bone area around 15% after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Self-assembly by soaking | Ma et al. 117 | ||
| BC + PDA | |||||||
| HA/PDA/CMCS | PDA | Photothermal therapy (OCs necrosis rate reached 73.3%, maintained at 58°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (∼1 W/cm2) for 10 min) Bone regeneration (up-regulation of ALP, COL-1, and COL-1) | 3D Printing (3DP) | Stirring | Compressive strength (5.34 MPa) & Young’s modulus (16.86 MPa) | Yao et al. 38 | |
| DTC + BG | DTC (Organic co-crystals) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate around 80%, maintained at 55°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (∼1.5 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of ALP, OCN, BMP-2 and RUNX-2, 43.5 ± 2.7% BV/TV and 4.8 g·m3 BMD after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Self-assembly & In situ growth through evaporation | 350 µm | Xiang et al. 14 | |
| Carbon-based nanomaterials | |||||||
| β-TCP + GO | Graphene oxide (carbon-based nanosystems) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate around 92.6% in vitro and 83.28% in vivo, the center area over 50°C and the tumor edge over 45°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (∼0.36 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of OCN, RUNX-2, and BSP, the new bone area around 33% after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Soaking | 500 µm | Ma et al. 15 | |
| AKT + BCN | 2D Borocarbonitrides (BCN) nanosheets (carbon-based nanosystems) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs over 89%, over 50°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.30 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of ALP, OCN, OPN, BMP-2, RUNX-2, BSP, and COL1, activation of BMP/SMAD1/5 pathway, 58.2% BV/TV after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Soaking | 300 μm | Zhao et al. 10 | |
| Cu and other transition metals | |||||||
| Metal-organic frameworks | |||||||
| Cu-TCPP + TCP | Cu-TCPP (porphyrin metal-organic frameworks) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs over 90%, maintained at 55°C, irradiated with NIR laser (1.0 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of ALP, OCN, BMP-2, and RUNX-2, new bone area around 40% after implantation for 8 weeks) & Angiogenesis (up-regulation of VEGF, VE-cad, eNOS, and KDR) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | In situ growth through solvothermal | Dang et al. 94 | ||
| Hemin + DOX + BG | Hemin | Photothermal therapy & Chemotherapy (mortality rate around 85%, maintained at 48°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.70 W/cm2) for 10 min) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Immersing | Dang et al. 12 | ||
| Transition metal chalcogenides | |||||||
| CuFeSe2 nanocrystals + BG | CuFeSe2 nanocrystals (I-III-VI2 ternary chalcogenides & semiconductor) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs over 74% in vitro and 96% in vivo, over 48°C, irradiated with 808 nm laser (0.55 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of OCN and OPN, 23.2% BV/TV and 8.22% new bone area after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | In situ growth through solvothermal | Dang et al. 99 | ||
| AKT + MoS2 | MoS2 nanosheets (chalcogenides) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs over 95% in vitro, 89% in vivo, over 50°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.60 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration(up-regulation of ALP, OCN, OPN, and RUNX-2, around 32% BV/TV after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | In situ growth through hydrothermal | Wang et al. 91 | ||
| Transition metal in the non-compound form | |||||||
| Cu, Fe, Mn, or Co + BG | Cu, Fe, Mn, or Co (transition metal) | Photothermal therapy (tumor tissue necrosis rate and temperature: Cu (94.9%, 53.4°C) > Fe (90%, 51.3°C) > Mn (72%, 46.7°C) > Co (low, 43.3°C), irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.75 W/cm2) for 15 min) & Bone regeneration (Fe & Mn: up-regulation of ALP, OCN, OPN, BMP-2, and BSP) & Angiogenesis (Co: up-regulation of VEGF) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Sol-gel method | Liu et al. 100 | ||
| Fe (70%) + CaSiO3 (30%) | Fe | Photothermal therapy (tumor site reached over 50°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.80 W/cm2) within 10 min) + Chemodynamic therapy (Fenton reaction catalyzed by released Fe ions) (NIR irradiation for 15 min, the mortality rate of OCs reached 91.4%, almost all OCs nuclei dissolved after treatment for 15 days) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of OCN, BMP-2, RUNX-2, and COL1, 16% BV/TV and 17% new bone area after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Ball milling | Compressive strength (from 14.9 to 126 MPa by mixing with Fe) | Ma et al. 119 | |
| FeSAC + BG | Single-atom iron catalysts (FeSAC) | Photothermal therapy mortality rate 89.27% and 95.34%for FeSAC500-BG(500 µg/mL) and FeSAC1000-BG, 53°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (1.50 W/cm2) for 5 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of COL1, BMP-2, OCN and RUNX-2, 94.3% recovery percentage, around 38% BV/TV and 4 g·m3 BMD after implantation for 16 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Impregnation (soaking and evaporation using ethanol) | Wang et al. 102 | ||
| Mxene | |||||||
| 2D Ti3C2-MXenes + BG | 2D Ti3C2 (MXenes) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs 75%, 63°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (1.0 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of RUNX-2, COL-1, OPN, and OCN, around 50% BV/TV and 60 g·m3 after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Soaking | 350 μm | Pan et al. 16 | |
| 2D-Nb2C-MXene-NSs + BG | 2D-Nb2C (MXene) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs 62%, 56°C, irradiated with a 1064 nm laser (1.0 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of RUNX-2, COL-1, OPN, and OCN, around 45% BV/TV and 65 g·m3 after implantation for 24 weeks) & Angiogenesis (up-regulation of VEGF-B and FGF-2, around 38% newborn vessel area after implantation for 3 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Soaking | Yin et al. 104 | ||
| Plasmonic nanomaterials | |||||||
| β-TCP + LaB6 NP + PDLLA | LaB6 micro-nano particles (plasmonic nanomaterials) | Photothermal therapy (mortality rate of OCs 76%, maintained at 53°C, irradiated with an 808 nm laser (0.70 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of RUNX-2, COL-1, and BMP-2, the new bone area 36% after implantation for 8 weeks) | 3D Printing (Extrusion with post-sintering) | Soaking | Compressive strength (24.04–38.76 MPa, dependent on coating time) | Dang et al. 98 | |
| Other 2D nanomaterials | |||||||
| DOX/P24/BP/TCP/PLGA (BDPTP scaffold) | 2D BP nanosheets (semiconductor) | Photothermal therapy (tumor volume decreased from 200 to 0 mm3 on day 4, 60°C, after 808 nm irradiation (0.5–2.0 W/cm2) for 10 min) & Bone regeneration (up-regulation of RUNX-2, COL-1, ALP, and OCN, 38 ± 5% BV/TV and 38.5 ± 5 g·m3 BMD after implantation for 3 months) | 3D Printing (Extrusion in a cryogenic environment) | Water-in-oil composite emulsion bio-ink preparation | Compressive strength (4–4.5 MPa) & Elastic modulus (12.2–14.6 MPa) comparable to human cancelous bone | Wang et al. 11 | |