Fig. 1.

Workflow and challenges of radiomics-based studies. The workflow of radiomics involves several key stages including image acquisition, image reconstruction and preprocessing, image segmentation, feature extraction and selection, model construction, and internal and external validation. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed in this workflow such as ensuring feature stability and reproducibility, improving model generalizability and interpretability, addressing imbalanced data classification, and improving multi-modality fusion in statistical modeling. It is worth noting that feature engineering and statistical modeling are two important components of radiomics